Optimasi Kualitas Tandan Buah Segar Kelapa Sawit dalam Proses Panen-Angkut Menggunakan Model Dinamis

https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.17015

Andreas Wahyu Krisdiarto(1*), Lilik Sutiarso(2), Kuncoro Harto Widodo(3)

(1) Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Stiper. Jl. Nangka II Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55282
(2) Departemen Teknik Pertanian dan Biosistem, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
(3) Departemen Teknologi Industri Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) handling processes, i.e harvesting, loading, and transporting to the Palm Oil Mill are interrelated activities because each of them contributed to the degradation of oil palm fruit quality. This paper presented studied among factors that together in series interfere FFB quality. FFB quality parameter observed was Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content. Experiment was conducted by measuring FFA content of FFB at each step of handling processes, i.e harvesting, transportation in plantation block, loading into truck, and transportation to the palm oil mill. Interrelationship among factors was built using dynamic modelling. Output of dynamic model simulation showed that there was differences of FFA content among different handling conditions. A slight difference on FFA content was observed between harvesting in mineral land and peatland and among different plant heights. Loading into truck was a handling step that had biggest contribution to quality degradation due to FFB bruise. FFBs laid on the base of truck bin suffered more bruise that resulted in higher FFA content. Manual loading of FFB harvested from mineral soil by throwing to the bottom of truck bin resulted in FFA content of bruised fruit by 5.5%, higher compared to those of the top layer which was 4.5%. Model also showed that FFA content increased due to series handling steps, compared with natural degradation. Proportion of good FFB can be used to control the whole FFA content. Without mixing, bruised FFB produced FFA content of 9.95 %, while mixing bruished and good fruit at a ratio 20 % : 80 % resulted in FFA content of 2.82 %. Increasing bruise fruit proportion from 10 % to 20 % resulted in higher FFA content of fruit harvested on mineral land than those harvested on peat land (0.88 % compare to 0.80 %), and resulted in 0.92 % increment for 3rd maturity level fruit harvested compared to 0.72 % for 1st maturity level harvested fruit. Recommendations related to harvesting were: 1) If the road and truck bin was in bad condition, FFB should be harvested at 1st or 2nd level of maturity; 2) The optimum harvesting-transportation condition for FFB quality was at 1st maturity level in peat land and transported by wood bin truck. While recommendations related to transportation were: 1) The manual loading by throwing to truck bin should be avoided; and 2) In order to maintain FFB quality, loading and transportation delay was better than waiting or queing in oil palm mill.

 

ABSTRAK

Proses penanganan Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) kelapa sawit, yaitu pemanenan, pemuatan, dan pengangkutan ke pabrik minyak kelapa sawit merupakan kegiatan saling terkait, karena masing-masing berkontribusi terhadap penurunan kualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari keterkaitan antar faktor-faktor yang bersama-sama secara berurutan mempengaruhi kualitas TBS. Parameter kualitas TBS yang diamati adalah kadar Asam Lemak Bebas (ALB). Metode yang digunakan adalah mengukur kadar ALB TBS pada setiap tahap proses penanganan bahan, yaitu pemanenan, pengangkutan di dalam blok kebun, pemuatan ke bak truk, dan pengangkutan ke pabrik minyak kelapa sawit. Keterkaitan antar faktor dibangun dengan model dinamis. Keluaran dari simulasi model dinamis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kadar ALB antar kondisi penanganan TBS yang berbeda. Terdapat sedikit perbedaan kadar ALB antara TBS yang dipanen pada lahan mineral dan lahan gambut dan antara ketinggian pohon yang berbeda. Tahap penanganan TBS yang berkontribusi paling besar kepada penurunan kualitas akibat memar adalah pemuatan ke bak truk. TBS yang dimuat di dasar bak truk mengalami memar lebih banyak sehingga kadar ALB-nya lebih tinggi. Kadar ALB TBS yang dipanen di lahan mineral dan dimuat pada dasar bak truk 5,5 %, sedangkan yang di lapisan atas 4,5 %. Model menunjukkan bahwa kadar ALB meningkat pada penanganan bahan berurutan, berbeda dengan penurunan kualitas secara alami. Proporsi buah utuh dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan kadar ALB secara keseluruhan. Bila seluruh buah memar, kadar ALB dapat mencapai 9,95 %, sedangkan campuran 20 % buah memar dan 80 % buah utuh, kadar ALB-nya 2,82 %. Peningkatan proporsi buah memar dari 10 % menjadi 20 % untuk buah yang dipanen dari lahan mineral menyebabkan penambahan kadar ALB lebih besar daripada buah yang dipanen dari lahan gambut, yaitu 0,88 % dibanding 0,80 %. Hal yang sama menyebabkan perbedaan kadar ALB 0,92 % untuk buah yang dipanen pada fraksi 3 dan 0,72 % untuk buah dipanen pada fraksi 1. Rekomendasi dari hasil penelitian ini adalah: 1) Pemuatan dengan pelemparan TBS secara manual sebaiknya dihindari; 2) Bila kondisi bak truk dan jalan buruk, sebaiknya TBS dipanen pada fraksi 1 atau 2; 3) Titik optimum kualitas TBS saat panen dan angkut adalah pada fraksi 1 di lahan gambut dan diangkut dengan truk bak kayu, dan 4) Dari sisi kualitas TBS, penundaan pengangkutan lebih menguntungkan daripada menunggu proses (mengantri) di pabrik minyak kelapa sawit (PMKS).


Keywords


Dynamic modelling; free fatty acid; fresh fruit bunch; oil palm handling

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.17015

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Copyright (c) 2017 Andreas Wahyu Krisdiarto, Lilik Sutiarso, Kuncoro Harto Widodo

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agriTECH (print ISSN 0216-0455; online ISSN 2527-3825) is published by Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada in colaboration with Indonesian Association of Food Technologies.


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