Wastewater Treatment for African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Culture by Using Anaerobic Process
Darwin Darwin(1*), Sarbaini Sarbaini(2), Satria Purwanto(3), Fatwa Dhiauddin(4), Muhammad Ilham(5), Afrizal Fazil(6)
(1) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111
(2) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111
(3) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111
(4) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111
(5) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111
(6) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
This study aimed to set up an anaerobic treatment system for the treatment of wastewater derived from the farming of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). In this current study, anaerobic treatment of wastewater derived from the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) aquaculture was conducted in semi-continuous reactor as well as batch reactor under mesophilic condition at 35 °C. The results revealed that the semi-continuous reactors generated higher biogas yield (69.27 mL/g VS) compared with batch reactor (22.81 mL/g VS). High conversion rate of anaerobic treatment process operated in semi-continuous reactor was also represented in higher percentage of COD removal (82.6%) compared with batch reactor which was only 62.76%. After conducting anaerobic treatment process on the wastewater derived from the catfish aquaculture, some parameters including total dissolved solids (TDS), Phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and electrical conductivity (Ec) increased in both batch and semi-continuous reactors. Batch reactors showed TS, VS and COD reduced from 0.23%, 42.88% and 1440 mg/L to 0.137 ± 0.024%, 22.78 ± 19.44% and 536.32 ± 11.27 mg/L, respectively. The results obtained from semi-continuous reactor revealed that TS, VS and COD reduced from 0.23%, 42.88% and 1440 mg/L to 0.219%, 24.353% and 250.61 mg/L, respectively. This study is highly significant for the environmental protection system.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdallah, S.B., Aung, B., Amyot, L., Lalin, I., Lachâal, M., Karray-Bouraoui, N. and Hannoufa, A. (2016). Salt stress (NaCl) affects plant growth and branch pathways of carotenoid and flavonoid biosyntheses in Solanum nigrum. Acta physiologiae plantarum 38(3): 72.
Ackefors, H. and Enell, M. (1994). The release of nutrients and organic matter from aquaculture systems in Nordic countries. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 10(4): 225–241.
Ackefors, Hans and Enell, M. (1990). Discharge of nutrients from Swedish fish farming to adjacent sea areas. Ambio 19: 28–35.
Andel, V.J.G. and Breure, A.M. (1984). Anaerobic waste water treatment. Trends in Biotechnology 2(1): 16–20.
Appels, L., Baeyens, J., Degrève, J. and Dewil, R. (2008). Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Progress in energy and combustion science 34(6): 755–781.
Apspel, L., Lauwers, J., Degrève, J., Helsen, L., Lievens, B., Willems, K. and Dewil, R. (2011). Anaerobic digestion in global bio-energy production: potential and research challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(9): 4295–4301.
APHA. (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington, D.C.
Balasubramanian, P.R. and Bai, R.K. (1992). Evaluation of nutrient recovery after anaerobic digestion of cattle dung in a family size biogas plant. Biomass and Bioenergy 3(5): 377–380.
Bergheim, A., Cripps, S.J. dan Liltved, H. (1998). A system for the treatment of sludge from land-based fish-farms. Aquat. Liv. Res. 11, 279–287.
Beveridge, M.C.M., Phillips, M.J. and Clarke, R.M. (1991). A quantitative and qualitative assessment of wastes from aquatic animal production. Aquaculture and Water Quality. Advances in World Aquaculture 3: 506–533.
Brown, J.J. Glenn, E.P. Fitzsimmons, K.M. Smith, S.E. (1999). Halophytes for the treatment of saline aquaculture effluent. Aquaculture 175: 255–268.
Burke, D.A. (2001). Dairy Waste Anaerobic Digestion Handbook Options for Recovering Beneficial Products from Dairy Manure. Environmental Energy Company. Olympia, WA.
Can, O.T., Kobya, M., Demirbas, E. and Bayramoglu, M. (2006). Treatment of the textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation. Chemosphere 62(2): 181–187.
Cheng, J. (2010). Biomass to Renewable Energy Process. CRC Press. USA.
Chen, Y., Cheng, J.J. and Creamer, K.S. (2008). Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: a review. Bioresource Technology 99(10): 4044–4064.
Cripps, S.J. and Bergheim, A. (2000). Solids management and removal for intensive land-based aquaculture production systems. Aquacultural Engineering 22: 33–56.
Darwin, Cheng, J.J., Liu, Z. and Gontuphil, J. (2016a). Anaerobic co-digestion of cocoa husk with digested swine manure: evaluation of biodegradation efficiency in methane productivity. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal 18(4): 147–156.
Darwin, Cheng, J.J., Gontupil, J. and Liu, Z. (2016b). Influence of total solid concentration for methane production of cocoa husk co-digested with digested swine manure. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 17(1): 71–90.
Darwin, Cheng J.J., Liu, Z., Gontupil, J. and Kwon, O.S. (2014). Anaerobic co-digestion of rice straw and digested swine manure with different total solid concentration for methane production. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 7(6): 79–90.
EPA. (2014a). Total Solids: What are total solids and why are they important? U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC, USA.
EPA. (2014b). Conductivity: What is conductivity and why is it important?.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC, USA.
EPA. (1996). Environmental indicators of water quality in the United States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC, USA.
Esposito, G., Frunzo, L., Giordano, A., Liotta, F., Panico, A. and Pirozzi, F. (2012). Anaerobic co-digestion of organic wastes. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 11(4): 325–341.
Gerardo, M.L., Zacharof, M.P. and Lovitt, R.W. (2013). Strategies for the recovery of nutrients and metals from anaerobically digested dairy farm sludge using cross-flow microfiltration. Water research 47(14): 4833–4842.
Göblös, S., Portörő, P., Bordás, D., Kálmán, M. and Kiss, I. (2008). Comparison of the effectivities of two-phase and single-phase anaerobic sequencing batch reactors during dairy wastewater treatment. Renewable Energy 33(5): 960–965.
Gupta, B. and Huang, B. (2014). Mechanism of salinity tolerance in plants: physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. International Journal of Genomics 2014(3): 1–18.
Jayakody, K.P.K., Menikpura, S.N.M., Basnayake, B.F.A. and Weerasekara, R. (2007). Development and evaluation of hydrolytic/acidogenic first stage anaerobic reactor for treating municipal solid waste in developing countries. Proceedings of international conference on sustainable solid waste management, Chennai, India: 363–369.
Joanne, K.P. (1991). Applied Math for Wastewater Plant Operators. CRC Press. New York, USA.
Kader, F., Baky, A.H., Khan, M.N.H. and Chowdhury, H.A. (2015). Production of biogas by anaerobic digestion of food waste and process simulation. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering 3(3): 79–83.
Khalid, A., Arshad, M., Anjum, M., Mahmood, T. and Dawson, L. (2011). The anaerobic digestion of solid organic waste. Waste Management 31(8): 1737–1744.
Klinkner, B.A. (2014). Anaerobic digestion as a renewable energy source and waste management technology: What must be done for this technology to realize success in the United States. UMass Law Review 9: 68–179.
Klontz, G.W., Stewart, B.C. and Eib, D.W. (1985). On the etiology and pathophysiology of environmental gill disease in juvenile salmonids. Fish and Shellfish Pathology. Academic Press, London.
Kumar, M. and Puri, A. (2012). A review of permissible limits of drinking water. Indian journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 16(1): 40.
Labatut, R.A. and Gooch, C.A. (2012). Monitoring of Anaerobic Digestion Process to Optimize Performance and Prevent System Failure. Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca. New York.
Lantzke, N., Calder, T., Burt, J. and Prince, R. (2007). Water Salinity and Plant Irrigation. Department of Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia, South Perth WA.
Lin, C.Y. and Lay, C.H. (2004). Effects of carbonate and phosphate concentrations on hydrogen production using anaerobic sewage sludge microflora. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 29(3): 275–281.
Lier, V., Jules, B., Mahmoud, N. and Zeeman, G. (2008). Anaerobic wastewater treatment: biological wastewater treatment, principles, modelling and design. IWA Publishing. London, UK.
Liltved, H. and Cripps, S.J. (1999). Removal of particle associated bacteria by prefiltration and ultraviolet irradiation. Aquaculture Research 30(6): 445–450.
Liu, Zhang, R., El-Mashad, H.M. and Dong, R. (2009). Effect of feed to inoculum ratios on biogas yields of food and green wastes. Bioresource Technology 100(21): 5103–5108.
Lo, K.V., Liao, P.H., Bulley, N.R. and Chieng, S.T. (1984). A comparison of biogas production from dairy manure filtrate using conventional and fixed film reactors. Canadian Agricultural Engineering 26(1): 73–78.
Lyles, C., Boopathy, R., Fontenot, Q. and Kilgen, M. (2008). Biological treatment of shrimp aquaculture wastewater using a sequencing batch reactor. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 151(2-3): 474–479.
McCarty, P.L. (1964). Anaerobic waste treatment fundamentals. Public Works 95(9): 107–112.
Mehta, C.M., Khunjar, W.O., Nguyen, V., Tait, S. and Batstone, D.J. (2015).
Technologies to recover nutrients from waste streams: a critical review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 45(4): 385–427.
Parawira, W., Read, J.S., Mattiasson, B. and Bjornsson, L. (2008). Energy production from agricultural residues: high methane yields in pilot-scale two-stage anaerobic digestion. Biomass and Bioenergy 32: 44–50.
Pillay, T.V.R. (2008). Aquaculture and the Environment: John Wiley and Sons.
Rosenthal, H., Hoffmann, R., Jörgensen, L., Krüner, G., Peters, G., Schlotfeldt, H.J. and Schomann, H. (1982). Water management in circular tanks of a commercial intensive culture unit and its effects on water quality and fish condition. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Statutory meeting, C.M. 1982/F:22, 13.
Schmidt (2005). Anaerobic digestion Overview. University of Minnesota - Extension, Department of Biosystem and Agricultural Engineering. Minnesota. USA.
Schultz, D. and Kishony, R. (2013). Optimization and control in bacterial Lag phase. BMC Biology 11(1): 120.
Servais, P., Garnier, J., Demarteau, N., Brion, N. and Billen, G. (1999). Supply of organic matter and bacteria to aquatic ecosystems through waste water effluents. Water Research 33(16): 3521–3531.
Soetardjo, S., Tasnim, M.Y., Thanabalan, P. and Noor, A.M. (2013). Sustainability and green treatment of aquaculture wastewater: effect of media used in non-vegetated constructed wetland for removal of cod and total solid from wastewater of catfish tank. Science International 25(4): 791–795.
Steinhaus, B., Garcia, M.L., Shen, A.Q. and Angenent, L.T. (2007). A portable anaerobic microbioreactor reveals optimum growth conditions for the methanogen Methanosaeta concilii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(5): 1653–1658.
Tjandraatmadja, G. and Diaper, C. (2006). Sources of critical contaminants in domestic wastewater – a literature review. CSIRO: Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship.
Turcios, A.E. and Papenbrock, J. (2014). Sustainable treatment of aquaculture effluents—what can we learn from the past for the future? Sustainability 6(2): 836–856.
Uwidia, I.E. and Ukulu, H.S. (2013). Studies on electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids concentration in raw domestic wastewater obtained from an estate in Warri, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences 3(3): 110–114.
Welch, E.B. (2002). Ecological Effects of Waste Water: Applied Limnology and Pollutant Effects: CRC Press.
Wilkie, A.C. (2005). Anaerobic digestion of dairy manure: Design and process consideration. natural resource. Agriculture, and Engineering Service 176: 301–312.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.13058
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 6018 | views : 2817Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Darwin Darwin, Sarbaini Sarbaini, Satria Purwanto, Fatwa Dhiauddin, Muhammad Ilham, Afrizal Fazil
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
agriTECH has been Indexed by:
agriTECH (print ISSN 0216-0455; online ISSN 2527-3825) is published by Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada in colaboration with Indonesian Association of Food Technologies.