* Corresponding Author
Pengaruh Pelapisan Kitosan dan Suhu Penyimpanan terhadap Karakter Fisik Buah Sawo (Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg) Selama Pematangan
https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.17177 Widya Mudyantini(1*), Santosa Santosa(2), Kumala Dewi(3), Nursigit Bintoro(4)
(1) Program Studi Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A Kentingan Surakarta 57126.
(2) Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Selatan Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281
(3) Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Selatan Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281
(4) Departemen Teknik Pertanian dan Biosistem, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Sapodilla (Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg) is a climacteric and highly perishable fruit with thin peel. The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the effect of chitosan coating concentrations and storage temperature on the physical and chemical characteristics of sapodilla and (2) to determine the chitosan coating concentrations and the optimum storage temperature for the storage of sapodilla. Factorial Split-Plot Design was used in this experiment: three levels of storage temperature as the main factors (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C) and four levels of chitosan concentrations (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%) as the sub-factors. Each treatment was made in five replicates. Collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan’s Multiple Test (DMRT) at the test level of 5%. Sapodillas used in this study had the same age in the weight of 100-120 grams and were harvested from the same tree. They were observed until rotten. The parameters observed were the concentrations of chitosan coating thickness on sapodillas’peel, the permeability of chitosan membrane to the air water vapour and oxygen, shelf life, hardness, content of chlorophyll and carotenoid, and respiration of the fruit. Observed data showed that the higher chitosan concentrations was used, the higher capability of the sapodilla’s peel to hampered water vapour and oxygen’s to peddix the peel. However, the chitosan coating concentration of 4% and the storage temperature of 5 °C temperature made the chitosan layer flaked. The treated concentrations of chitosan coating (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%) at certain storage temperature variations (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C) and their interactions had an effect on the physical characters of sapodilla in all parameters. The higher coated chitosan concentration applied, the hardness of sapodilla increased. The chlorophyll contents of sapodilla peel were increasing along with the hampering of the ripening. When the sapodillas were ripe, the carotenoid contents increated. The oxygen contents were decreasing along with the ripening of the sapodillas. The CO2 contents were increasing along with the ripening process of the sapodillas. The optimum treatment to keep sapodillas’ shelf life was the chitosan coating of 3% and the the storage temperature of 5 °C.
ABTSRAK
Buah sawo (Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg) merupakan buah klimaterik yang mempunyai kulit tipis dan cepat matang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pengaruh konsentrasi pelapisan kitosan dan suhu simpan terhadap sifat fisik dan kimiawi buah sawo serta menentukan konsentrasi pelapisan kitosan dan suhu simpan yang paling optimum untuk memperpanjang masa simpan buah sawo. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Split Plot Design pola faktorial dengan dua faktor, yaitu suhu penyimpanan terdiri dari tiga taraf (5 °C, 15°C, 25 °C) sebagai faktor utama dan konsentrasi kitosan yang terdiri dari empat taraf (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%) sebagai sub faktor. Setiap kombinasi dengan lima ulangan. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANAVA) kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf uji 5%. Buah dengan umur fisiologis sama, berat 100 – 120 g dipanen dari satu pohon. Buah diberi perlakuan pelapisan kitosan dan disimpan pada temperatur yang berbeda, selanjutnya diamati sampai buah tidak layak dikonsumsi. Parameter yang diamati adalah tebal lapisan kitosan berbagai konsentrasi pada kulit buah, permeabilitas membran kitosan terhadap uap air dan O2, masa simpan, kekerasan buah, kandungan klorofil dan karotenoid serta laju respirasi. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi kitosan, semakin terhambat masuknya uap air dan oksigen ke dalam kulit buah, tetapi konsentrasi kitosan 4% dan suhu 5 °C menyebabkan lapisan kitosan mengelupas. Perlakuan konsentrasi pelapisan kitosan (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%) dan suhu simpan (5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C) serta interaksinya mengakibatkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi kitosan, kekerasan buah sawo semakin meningkat, juga kadar klorofil kulit buah. Semakin buah matang kadar karotenoid semakin meningkat, demikian juga kadar CO2. Kadar oksigen semakin menurun seiring dengan pemasakan buah. Perlakuan optimum untuk mempertahankan masa simpan buah sawo adalah perlakuan pelapisan kitosan 3% dan suhu simpan 5 °C.
Kata kunci: Kitosan; karakter fisik; sawo (Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg); suhu
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdou, E.S., Nagy, K.S.A. dan Elsabee, M.Z. (2008). Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from local sources. Bioresources Technology 99(5):1359–1367.
Apandi, M. (1984). Teknologi Buah dan Sayur. IPB Press, Bandung.
ASTM. (2004). Standard Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor1. ASTM International. United States.
Beckett, S.T. (1995). Physico-Chemical Aspect of Food Processing. 1st edition. Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
Bourtoom, T. (2008). Edible films and coatings: characteristics and properties. International Food Research Journal Technology 15(3): 237–248.
Chailoo, M.J. dan Asghari, M.R. (2011).Hot water and chitosan treatment for the control of postharvest decay in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. Napoleon (Napolyon). Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research 2(7): 135–138.
Dirk, I. (2007). Cell Cycle Control Plant Development. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. New York.
Donhowe, L.G. dan Fennema, O.R. (1993). The effects of plasticizers on crystallinity, permeability, and mechanical properties of methylcellulose films. Journal Food Process Pres 17: 247–257.
Donhowe, L.G. dan Fennema, O.R. (1994). Edible film and coating characteristics, formation, definition and testing methods. Dalam: Krochta, J.M., Baldwin, E.A. dan Nisperos-Cariedo, M.O. (eds). Edible Film and Coating Improve Food Quality.Technomic Publisher Co. Inc, Landcaster.
Dopico, B., Lowe, A.L., Wilson, I.D., Merodio, C. dan Grierson, D. (1993). Cloning dan characterization of avocado fruit mRNAs dan their expression during ripening dan low-temperature storage. Plant Molecular Biology 21: 437–449.
Ghaouth, R., Ponnampalam, F., Castaigne dan Arul, J. (1992). Chitosan coating to extend the storage life of tomatoes. Hortscience 27(9): 1016–1018.
Heldt, H.W. (2005). Plant Biochemistry. Elsevier Academic Press. USA.
Jaleel, C.A. dan Azooz, M.M. (2009). Exogenous calcium alters pigment composition, γ-glutamyl kinase and proline oxidase activities in salt-stressed Withania somnifera. Plant Omics Journal 2(2): 85–90.
Kurniawan, D., Trisnowati, S., Muhartini, S. (2013). Pengaruh macam dan kadar kitosanterhadap pematangan dan mutu buah sawo (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen). Vegetalika 2 (2): 21–30.
Muchtadi, T.R. dan Sugiyono (1992). Ilmu Pengetahuan Bahan Pangan. PAU Pangan dan Gizi Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Pantastico, E.R.B. (1993). Fisiologi Pasca Panen, Penanganan, dan Pemanfaatan Buah-Buahan dan Sayuran Tropika dan Subtropika. Diterjemahkan oleh: Kamariyani. UGM Press, Yogyakarta.
Paramita, O. (2010). Pengaruh memar terhadap perubahan pola respirasi, produksi etilen, dan jaringan buah mangga (Mangifera indica L.) var gedong gincu pada berbagai suhu penyimpanan. Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik 2(1): 29–37.
Richardson, A.D, Duigan, S.P. dan Berlyn, G.P. (2002). An evaluation of non invasive methods to estimate foliar chlorophyll content. New Phytologist 153: 185–194.
Rohman, T., Baroroh, U., Utami, L. dan Mahmud (2009). Pengaruh konsentrasi kitosan terhadap karakter membran. Sains dan Terapan Kimia 2(1): 14–24.
Santoso, B.B. (2011). Fisiologi dan Biokimia pada Komoditi Panenan Hortikultura. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Mataram, Mataram.
Shehata, S.A., Fawzy, Z.F. dan El-Ramady, H.R. (2012). Response of cucumber plants to foliar application of chitosan and yeast under greenhouse conditions. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6(4): 63–71.
Simkin, A.J., Laboure, A.M., Kuntz, M. dan Sandmann, G. (2003). Comparison of carotenoid content, gene expression, and enzyme levels in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung 58: 371–380.
Wahab, S.M.A. dan Rashid, I.A.S. (2012). Safe postharvest treatment for controlling Penicillium molds and its impact maintaining navel orange fruits quality. American-Eurasian Journal Agriculture and Environmental Science 12(7): 973–982.
Winarno, F.G. (2002). Fisiologi Lepas Panen Produk Hortikultura. M-BRIO Press, Bogor.
Wilde, S.A. dan Voigt, G.K. (1977). Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues. Munsell Color Gretagmacbeth, New York.
Zeman, S. dan Kubik, L. (2012). Evaluation of oxygen permeability of polyethylene films. Abbrev Technology Science 15(2): 331–345.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.17177
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 6232
| 
views : 10143
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2018 Widya Mudyantini, Santosa Santosa, Kumala Dewi, Nursigit Bintoro
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
agriTECH has been Indexed by:
agriTECH (print ISSN 0216-0455; online ISSN 2527-3825) is published by Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada in colaboration with Indonesian Association of Food Technologies.