While the Editorial Board takes all reasonable measures to ensure the integrity and originality of submitted and published works, there are practical limits to the extent to which misconduct can be detected during the editorial and peer-review processes. Therefore, we encourage reviewers, readers, and members of the academic community to report any suspected research or publication misconduct to the journal's help desk officer via email so that appropriate action can be taken in a timely manner refering to the guidelines by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The fraudulences include, but not limited to:

1. data fabrication,
2. data falsification,
3. plagiarism,
4. authorship fraud (ghost authorship, gift authorship, or honorary authorship),
5. conflict of interest, and/or
6. double submission and double publication

Upon receiving a credible allegation of misconduct, the Editorial Board will conduct a preliminary assessment under the direction of the Chief Editor. Where concerns arise regarding the ability of the Editorial Board to conduct an impartial investigation, or where a conflict of interest is identified, the Chief Editor may recommend that the relevant faculty authorities establish an independent committee to investigate the matter. If the allegation is substantiated through the investigation process, the Chief Editor may take appropriate corrective measures, including but not limited to:

1. publishing a correction (erratum or corrigendum),
2. retracting the article, 
3. withdrawing the article, and/or 
4. removing an author from the authorship record where justified by the findings.

The journal is committed to maintaining a professional, respectful, and constructive peer-review environment. Accordingly, reviewers' comments and editorial correspondence must not contain personal attacks, discriminatory remarks, or offensive language directed at authors. Editors and reviewers are expected to evaluate and critique the scholarly content of a submission rather than the individual researcher. Any correspondence containing inappropriate, abusive, or unprofessional statements may be edited or rejected by the Editorial Board.