Educational Interventions to Improve Pharmacy Students’ Empathy Towards Geriatrics: A Systematic Review
Keywords:
empathy, attitude, simulation, educational intervention, pharmacy students
Abstract
Empathy is defined as the ability to understand other's feelings, thereby allowing them to feel understood. Empathy must be cultivated in the educational method to help pharmacy students to learn about patients, particularly the elderly. The main objective of this systematic review was to find, evaluate, and synthesize studies about educational interventions that improve the empathy of pharmacy students towards geriatrics. Three databases (PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) searched for articles with criteria that were educational intervention articles and focused on outcome measures related to improving empathy (or its subdivision) towards geriatrics. The Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument was used to assess the possibility of bias. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to guide this review. Of the nine included studies, eight studies have been designed with quasi-experimental pre-post-test measurements. Four studies were carried out at the university in the United States, two in Malaysia, one in Australia, one in Brazil, and one in Singapore. Three studies used simulation and three studies used direct interaction with the elderly, as an educational intervention. Significant increase in empathy reported that 8 reviewed studies resulted from the statistically significant increase in empathy toward geriatrics. It was obvious that the educational intervention could help pharmacy students to develop empathy for the elderly. We recognize that the included studies are heterogeneous, implying that more research is needed to determine the best effective empathy education methods. Transfer to practice and longer-term changes in empathy should also be considered as study outcomes in future investigations.References
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Baugh, R. F., Hoogland, M. A., & Baugh, A. D. (2020).
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Boarman EA, Nisly SA, & Martin D. (2017). Use of a health screening and education event to change student attitudes toward the elderly. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching & Learning, 9(1), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CPTL.2016.08.041
Booth, L., Kada, S., Satinovic, M., Phillips, P., & Miller, P. K. (2017). Student radiographers’ attitudes towards the older patient - A longitudinal study. Radiography (London, England : 1995), 23(3), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RADI.2017.03.014
Carol Dulay, M. B., Emmanuel Domingo, J. A., Faye Domingo, K. R., Oprah Domondon, H. F., Dumangon, L. G., Aryan Duran, R. D., & Lee Sevilla, G. (2018). An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Student Nurses’ Empathy. https://doi.org/10.4172/2380-5439.1000259
Chen, A. M. H., Kiersma, M. E., Yehle, K. S., & Plake, K. S. (2015a). Impact of an aging simulation game on pharmacy students’ empathy for older adults. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(5).
Chen, A. M. H., Kiersma, M. E., Yehle, K. S., & Plake, K. S. (2015b). Impact of an aging simulation game on pharmacy students’ empathy for older adults. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(5). https://doi.org/10.5688/AJPE79565
Cunico, L., Sartori, R., Marognolli, O., & Meneghini, A. M. (2012). Developing empathy in nursing students: a cohort longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(13–14), 2016–2025. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2702.2012.04105.X
Derksen, F., Bensing, J., & Lagro-Janssen, A. (2013). Effectiveness of empathy in general practice: a systematic review. The British Journal of General Practice, 63(606), e76. https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGP13X660814
Dickinson, P. E., Schwarzmueller, A., & Martin, B. (2014). An Empirical Assessment of an Activity to Teach Sensory Change in Aging: Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0098628314537979, 41(3), 242–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628314537979
Divine HS, & Cain J. (2009). Assessing the effect of a polypharmacy medication adherence simulation project in a geriatrics course in a college of pharmacy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(8), 1487–1491. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1532-5415.2009.02364.X
Ferri, P., Guerra, E., Marcheselli, L., Cunico, L., & Lorenzo, R. di. (2015). Empathy and burnout: an analytic cross-sectional study among nurses and nursing students. Acta Biomedica Atenei Parmensis, 86(2Supp), 104–115. https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/4792
Fong, Z., Lee, S., Yap, K., & and, H. C. (2021). Impact of an aging simulation workshop with different debrief methods on the development of empathy in pharmacy undergraduates. Current in Pharmacy Teaching and Leraning. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187712972100040X
Griffiths, A. W., Cheong, W. L., Saw, P. S., & Parveen, S. (2020). Perceptions and attitudes towards dementia among university students in Malaysia. BMC Medical Education, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12909-020-1972-5
Jeffries, P. R., Rodgers, B., & Adamson, K. (2015). NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory: Brief Narrative Description. Nursing Education Perspectives, 36(5), 292–293. https://doi.org/10.5480/1536-5026-36.5.292
Koskinen, S., Salminen, L., Stolt, M., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2015). The education received by nursing students regarding nursing older people: a scoping literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 29(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/SCS.12135
Lee, K. C., Yu, C. C., Hsieh, P. L., Li, C. ching, & Chao, Y. F. C. (2018). Situated teaching improves empathy learning of the students in a BSN program: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today, 64, 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEDT.2018.02.013
Lee, S. W. H., & Teh, P. L. (2020). “Suiting Up” to Enhance Empathy Toward Aging: A Randomized Controlled Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2020.00376
Leedahl, S., Brasher, M., LoBuono, D., Sustainability, B. W.-, & 2020, undefined. (2020). Reducing ageism: Changes in students’ attitudes after participation in an intergenerational reverse mentoring program. Mdpi.Com. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176870
Lor, K. B., Truong, J. T., Ip, E. J., & Barnett, M. J. (2015). A Randomized Prospective Study on Outcomes of an Empathy Intervention among Second-year Student Pharmacists. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(2). https://doi.org/10.5688/AJPE79218
Moudatsou, M., Stavropoulou, A., Philalithis, A., & Koukouli, S. (2020). healthcare The Role of Empathy in Health and Social Care Professionals. Healthcare Journal, MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010026
Neumann, M., Edelhäuser, F., Tauschel, D., Fischer, M. R., Wirtz, M., Woopen, C., Haramati, A., & Scheffer, C. (2011). Empathy decline and its reasons: a systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 86(8), 996–1009. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0B013E318221E615
Nosek, M., Gifford, E., & Kober, B. (2014). Nonviolent Communication (NVC) training increases empathy in baccalaureate nursing students: A mixed method study. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 4(10), 1. https://doi.org/10.5430/JNEP.V4N10P1
Nunes, P., Williams, S., Sa, B., & Stevenson, K. (2011). A study of empathy decline in students from five health disciplines during their first year of training. Int J Med Educ, 2, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.5116/IJME.4D47.DDB0
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. The BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.N71
Silva, D. da, Pereira, A., … R. S.-A. J. of, & 2019, undefined. (2021). Effect of the Virtual Patient for Geriatric Education Software on Pharmacy Students’ Knowledge and Attitudes. Ajpe.Org. https://www.ajpe.org/content/early/2019/12/10/ajpe7230?versioned=true
Silva, D. da, Pereira, A., … R. S.-A. J. of, & 2020, undefined. (2020). Using virtual patient software to improve pharmacy students’ knowledge of and attitudes toward geriatric patients. Ajpe.Org. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7230
Smith, R. P., & Learman, L. A. (2017). A Plea for MERSQI: The Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 130(4), 686–690. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002091
SWH, L., & PL, T. (2020). “Suiting Up” to Enhance Empathy Toward Aging: A Randomized Controlled Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2020.00376
van Winkle, L. J., Fjortoft, N., & Hojat, M. (2012). Impact of a workshop about aging on the empathy scores of pharmacy and medical students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(1). https://doi.org/10.5688/AJPE7619
Williams, B., Brown, T., McKenna, L., Boyle, M. J., Palermo, C., Nestel, D., Brightwell, R., McCall, L., & Russo, V. (2014). Empathy levels among health professional students: a cross-sectional study at two universities in Australia. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 5, 107. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S57569
Wilson, S. E., Prescott, J., & Becket, G. (2012). Empathy levels in first- and third-year students in health and non-health disciplines. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(2), 1–4.
Batt-Rawden, S. A., Chisolm, M. S., Anton, B., & Flickinger, T. E. (2013). Teaching empathy to medical students: an updated, systematic review. Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 88(8), 1171–1177. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0B013E318299F3E3
Baugh, R. F., Hoogland, M. A., & Baugh, A. D. (2020).
The Long-Term Effectiveness of Empathic Interventions in Medical Education: A Systematic Review
. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 11, 879–890. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S259718Bearman, M., Palermo, C., Allen, L. M., & Williams, B. (2015). Learning empathy through simulation: A systematic literature review. Simulation in Healthcare, 10(5), 308–319. https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0000000000000113
Boarman EA, Nisly SA, & Martin D. (2017). Use of a health screening and education event to change student attitudes toward the elderly. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching & Learning, 9(1), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CPTL.2016.08.041
Booth, L., Kada, S., Satinovic, M., Phillips, P., & Miller, P. K. (2017). Student radiographers’ attitudes towards the older patient - A longitudinal study. Radiography (London, England : 1995), 23(3), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RADI.2017.03.014
Carol Dulay, M. B., Emmanuel Domingo, J. A., Faye Domingo, K. R., Oprah Domondon, H. F., Dumangon, L. G., Aryan Duran, R. D., & Lee Sevilla, G. (2018). An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Student Nurses’ Empathy. https://doi.org/10.4172/2380-5439.1000259
Chen, A. M. H., Kiersma, M. E., Yehle, K. S., & Plake, K. S. (2015a). Impact of an aging simulation game on pharmacy students’ empathy for older adults. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(5).
Chen, A. M. H., Kiersma, M. E., Yehle, K. S., & Plake, K. S. (2015b). Impact of an aging simulation game on pharmacy students’ empathy for older adults. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(5). https://doi.org/10.5688/AJPE79565
Cunico, L., Sartori, R., Marognolli, O., & Meneghini, A. M. (2012). Developing empathy in nursing students: a cohort longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(13–14), 2016–2025. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2702.2012.04105.X
Derksen, F., Bensing, J., & Lagro-Janssen, A. (2013). Effectiveness of empathy in general practice: a systematic review. The British Journal of General Practice, 63(606), e76. https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGP13X660814
Dickinson, P. E., Schwarzmueller, A., & Martin, B. (2014). An Empirical Assessment of an Activity to Teach Sensory Change in Aging: Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0098628314537979, 41(3), 242–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628314537979
Divine HS, & Cain J. (2009). Assessing the effect of a polypharmacy medication adherence simulation project in a geriatrics course in a college of pharmacy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(8), 1487–1491. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1532-5415.2009.02364.X
Ferri, P., Guerra, E., Marcheselli, L., Cunico, L., & Lorenzo, R. di. (2015). Empathy and burnout: an analytic cross-sectional study among nurses and nursing students. Acta Biomedica Atenei Parmensis, 86(2Supp), 104–115. https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/4792
Fong, Z., Lee, S., Yap, K., & and, H. C. (2021). Impact of an aging simulation workshop with different debrief methods on the development of empathy in pharmacy undergraduates. Current in Pharmacy Teaching and Leraning. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187712972100040X
Griffiths, A. W., Cheong, W. L., Saw, P. S., & Parveen, S. (2020). Perceptions and attitudes towards dementia among university students in Malaysia. BMC Medical Education, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12909-020-1972-5
Jeffries, P. R., Rodgers, B., & Adamson, K. (2015). NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory: Brief Narrative Description. Nursing Education Perspectives, 36(5), 292–293. https://doi.org/10.5480/1536-5026-36.5.292
Koskinen, S., Salminen, L., Stolt, M., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2015). The education received by nursing students regarding nursing older people: a scoping literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 29(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/SCS.12135
Lee, K. C., Yu, C. C., Hsieh, P. L., Li, C. ching, & Chao, Y. F. C. (2018). Situated teaching improves empathy learning of the students in a BSN program: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today, 64, 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEDT.2018.02.013
Lee, S. W. H., & Teh, P. L. (2020). “Suiting Up” to Enhance Empathy Toward Aging: A Randomized Controlled Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2020.00376
Leedahl, S., Brasher, M., LoBuono, D., Sustainability, B. W.-, & 2020, undefined. (2020). Reducing ageism: Changes in students’ attitudes after participation in an intergenerational reverse mentoring program. Mdpi.Com. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176870
Lor, K. B., Truong, J. T., Ip, E. J., & Barnett, M. J. (2015). A Randomized Prospective Study on Outcomes of an Empathy Intervention among Second-year Student Pharmacists. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(2). https://doi.org/10.5688/AJPE79218
Moudatsou, M., Stavropoulou, A., Philalithis, A., & Koukouli, S. (2020). healthcare The Role of Empathy in Health and Social Care Professionals. Healthcare Journal, MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010026
Neumann, M., Edelhäuser, F., Tauschel, D., Fischer, M. R., Wirtz, M., Woopen, C., Haramati, A., & Scheffer, C. (2011). Empathy decline and its reasons: a systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 86(8), 996–1009. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0B013E318221E615
Nosek, M., Gifford, E., & Kober, B. (2014). Nonviolent Communication (NVC) training increases empathy in baccalaureate nursing students: A mixed method study. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 4(10), 1. https://doi.org/10.5430/JNEP.V4N10P1
Nunes, P., Williams, S., Sa, B., & Stevenson, K. (2011). A study of empathy decline in students from five health disciplines during their first year of training. Int J Med Educ, 2, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.5116/IJME.4D47.DDB0
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. The BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.N71
Silva, D. da, Pereira, A., … R. S.-A. J. of, & 2019, undefined. (2021). Effect of the Virtual Patient for Geriatric Education Software on Pharmacy Students’ Knowledge and Attitudes. Ajpe.Org. https://www.ajpe.org/content/early/2019/12/10/ajpe7230?versioned=true
Silva, D. da, Pereira, A., … R. S.-A. J. of, & 2020, undefined. (2020). Using virtual patient software to improve pharmacy students’ knowledge of and attitudes toward geriatric patients. Ajpe.Org. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7230
Smith, R. P., & Learman, L. A. (2017). A Plea for MERSQI: The Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 130(4), 686–690. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002091
SWH, L., & PL, T. (2020). “Suiting Up” to Enhance Empathy Toward Aging: A Randomized Controlled Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2020.00376
van Winkle, L. J., Fjortoft, N., & Hojat, M. (2012). Impact of a workshop about aging on the empathy scores of pharmacy and medical students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(1). https://doi.org/10.5688/AJPE7619
Williams, B., Brown, T., McKenna, L., Boyle, M. J., Palermo, C., Nestel, D., Brightwell, R., McCall, L., & Russo, V. (2014). Empathy levels among health professional students: a cross-sectional study at two universities in Australia. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 5, 107. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S57569
Wilson, S. E., Prescott, J., & Becket, G. (2012). Empathy levels in first- and third-year students in health and non-health disciplines. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(2), 1–4.
Published
2022-04-22
How to Cite
Pratiwi, H., Kristina, S. A., Widayanti, A. W., & Prabandari, Y. S. (2022). Educational Interventions to Improve Pharmacy Students’ Empathy Towards Geriatrics: A Systematic Review. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 33(2), 174-185. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.3837
Issue
Section
Review Article
