Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy

Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Herbal Medicine for Inflammation From 2004 to 2023

Alfian Syarifuddin, Arief Nurrochmad, Nanang Fakhrudin — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis to examine patterns and trends observed in scientific articles on using herbal anti-inflammatory agents. Data were gathered from the Scopus database. In total, 121 articles on herbal anti-inflammatory drugs were examined through bibliometric analysis using the (RStudio®) and VOSviewer application. In the Scopus database, 121 articles on using herbal remedies to treat inflammation were included in this study. Moreover, China has produced the most research articles. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Molecules, and Molecules are the three most-read journals. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology demonstrates the highest level of productivity based on its citation count and h-index. Regarding publications on this topic, Li J is regarded as a leading figure. Articles by Li J have received the most citations (143), followed by those published by Li X (134). This study can be used as a reference by researchers when conducting studies on medicinal plants used as anti-inflammatory agents. The findings of this study also make it easier for researchers to locate a substantial global network of academics and promote collaboration in this area.

Physicochemical Evaluation and Anti-Aging Activity of The Cream Formulation Containing Aloe Vera and Rosella Extracts

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Anti-aging cream is a cosmetic product that prevents premature aging. Aloe vera and rosella have been reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including anti-aging. Meanwhile, the use of a combination of these two natural products has not been widely reported. This research aims to determine the potential antioxidant and anti-collagenase activities of the combination of aloe vera and rosella in cream products. This study analyzed the quality of cream according to physical parameters, cream chemical content, antioxidant activity, anti-collagenase, and sunscreen protection factor (SPF) test of cream products. The cream formulas had white to pink colors, were semi-solid, homogeneous, and had an O/W emulsion type. Total polysaccharide content in the cream ranged from 0.73% - 0.83%, o-acetyl polysaccharide content ranged from 1.36%-3.53%, flavonoid content ranged from 2.95×10^-6-6.50×10^-6 g QE/g, anthocyanin content ranged from 4.57-35.94 mg/kg, phenolic content ranged from 5.06×10^-6-9.42×10^-6 g GAE/g. The radical scavenging, anti-collagenase activities, and SPF value of cream formulas ranged from 22.14%-50.36%, 6.85%-54.66%, and 8.21±0.01-8.73±0.02, respectively. According to all test results, the recommended cream product is C formula (1:1). Cream containing aloe vera gel and rosella flower extracts are potentially to be developed as anti-aging cream product.

Formulating of moringa oil microemulsion used Surfactant Poly Ethylene Glycol 40 Hydrogenated Castrol Oil and Co-Surfactant of Glycerin

Uswatun Chasanah, Nining Sugihartini, Sapto Yuliani — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Moringa seed oil contains oleic acid that benefits the skin. It has anti-inflammatory and skin moisturizing properties. Increasing effectiveness: Moringa oil is made into a microemulsion. The microemulsion system consists of Moringa oil, S-mix (Polyethylene Glycol 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil as a surfactant and glycerine as a co-surfactant), and water. The microemulsions are formulated by a titration method and create a pseudo ternary phase diagram with S-mix (Surfactant: Co-surfactant) at 3:2, 1:1, and 2:3. The most optimized moringa oil microemulsion formulation was subjected to characterized such as organoleptic properties, %Transmittance, pH, viscosity, stability, particle globule size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PdI). The construction of a pseudo-ternary phase diagram and the titration methods constituted a suitable technique for preparing microemulsions, as most formulations were transparent. It was found that S-Mix (1:1) has a broad area with the oil phase in the range of 4.0% - 8.3%, S-Mix in the range of 48.0%-66.7%, and water in the field of 25.0-48%. The pH is in the range of 5.91-7.64. Meanwhile, the viscosity is in the range of 60-992cPs. The decline in oil and S-mix concentration reduces the pH value and viscosity. They are stable after the thermodynamic test, freeze-thaw cycling test, and after being kept at room temperature for one month. According to these findings, the microemulsion of moringa oil using PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil and Glycerine formulation might serve as a suitable drug delivery system.

Hair Serum Nanoemulsion loaded Clove Essential Oil Formulation for Androgenetic Alopecia: Characterization and Hair Growth Activity

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Androgenetic alopecia (AA) is hair loss caused by genetic factor and androgen hormone. Clove essential oil (CEO) contain eugenol which has anti-androgen activity and can be used to treat AA. Formulation CEO into hair serum nanoemulsion overcome the CEO from several disadvantages. The aims of this study were preparation, characterization, and evaluation hair growth activity of hair serum nanoemulsion loaded CEO. The chemical components of CEO were analysed by gas chromatography. The optimum formula was obtained using the D-Optimal Design method and was further characterized for droplet size, size distribution, pH, viscosity, thermodynamic stability, and storage stability. In vivo of skin irritation and hair growth activity were evaluated. The result showed that the GC-MS analysis of the CEO consisted of eight components, which the main component was eugenol (60.72%). The optimum formula consisted of CEO (10.63%), cremophor RH 40 (67.5%), and propylene glycol (21.87%). Formula has the droplet size of 31.26±0.155 nm, the PDI value of 0.24±0.008, the pH of 5.55±0.01, the viscosity of 2386.18±62.77 cP, physically stable, and did not show the skin irritation. The length and weight hair of the treatment group was 2.28±0.12 cm and 2.28±0.12 g, respectively. Clove oil nanoemulsion hair serum is effective in promoting hair growth and may serve as a promising treatment product for alopecia areata.

Unveiling Metabolite Compounds and Anti-Inflammatory Properties from Chromolaena odorata in Three Geothermal Areas

Nur Balqis Maulydia, Khairan Khairan, Trina Ekawati Tallei, Rinaldi Idroes — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

One of the medicinal plants commonly used as traditional medicine due to its anti-inflammatory properties is Chromolaena odorata (L). As invasive plants have the ability to tolerate heat in extreme heat conditions, the underlying processes that explain their anti-inflammatory actions remain unclear. This study investigates the potential targets of C. odorata from three geothermal areas (Ie-Brôuk, Ie-Jue, and Ie-Seu’um) in Aceh Province, as anti-inflammatory using network pharmacology and molecular docking. C. odorata was extracted using an ethanol solvent and further analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The antioxidant capacity of each plant was examined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH)-scavenging with dose-response models. Next, the structure of metabolite compounds was characterized using cluster analysis with the FragFP descriptor. Targets for the identified compounds were predicted, and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed. To better understand the biological roles of intersecting genes, pathway enrichment analyses were performed using Gene Ontology and the KEGG pathway. The results showed that ethanolic extract of C. odorata from Ie-Seu'um, Ie-Jue, and Ie-Brouk had DPPH-scavenging values of 46.84, 44.79, and 95.78 ppm, respectively. From network pharmacology perspective, this study highlights the intricate molecular interactions involved, focusing on inhibitory protein kinases and their associated genes. The molecular docking analysis underscores the therapeutic potential of C. odorata ethanolic extracts, especially those from the Ie-Brôuk area, which contain active compounds such as sakuranin, lupeol, and β-stigmasterol has highest binding-free energy value. This study offers insightful information about the anti-inflammatory properties of C. odorata, paving the way for further research and potential therapeutic applications.

One-Pot Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Piperidinium-3,3'-(arylmethylene) bis-lawsone derivatives by targeting caspase-7

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Caspase-7, an effector enzyme activated by the initiator caspase-1, plays a crucial role in triggering apoptosis. It is also a significant factor in neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. While both peptide and nonpeptide caspase inhibitors have shown promise in preclinical research, peptide inhibitors face challenges such as poor cell permeability, brief half-life, limited efficacy, and complex structures that are difficult to optimize. Additionally, they encounter bioavailability issues. Consequently, the development of nonpeptide-based caspase inhibitors remains an area of interest for researchers. Using a multicomponent reaction, eight lawsone derivatives, specifically piperidinium-3,3'-(arylmethylene) bis-lawsone, were successfully synthesized. This group included five novel compounds (2, 3, 4, 7, 8) and three previously known ones (1, 5, 6). The products were analyzed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 1-2D spectroscopy and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), followed by an evaluation of their inhibitory activity against caspase-7. Notably, this study marks the first instance of piperidinium-3,3'-(arylmethylene) bis-lawsone being investigated for its potential to target the caspase-7 enzyme. Among the eight compounds, compound 8 demonstrated the most promising results, exhibiting an inhibitory activity of approximately 29.80% against caspase-7. This finding suggests that compound 8 could serve as a valuable fragment molecule for future development of caspase-7 inhibitors.

Evaluating the Impact of a Modified UCMS Protocol with a Psychological Stress Device on Neurobiological and Behavioral Responses in Rats

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The antidepressant effect of drugs can be tested using various methods, including unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). Although the initial UCMS protocol involved administering stressors for 21 days, many modifications have been made, one of which is shortening the duration of the stressors to 10-15 days. This study aims to modify the UCMS model to increase the stress response in male Wistar rats. UCMS protocol in this study did not use predator odor (2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline) as in the previous protocol, but a psychological stress device (PSD) was used instead. Forty male Wistar rats (150-200 grams) were given UCMS treatment for 10 and 15 days. Sucrose consumption, coat score, body weight, and serum corticosterone levels were measured. Immunohistochemical examination of 5-HT_1A receptors, TNF-α, NOX2, and NF-ĸB were performed in the hippocampus part of the brain. All data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. UCMS treatment for 10 and 15 days reduced sucrose consumption and body weight and increased the coat score. UCMS treatment increased corticosterone levels, decreased 5-HT_1A receptor expression, and increased TNF-α, NOX2, and NF-ĸB expression. The primary behavioral response during PSD was head dip as a preparatory behavior for jumping. Modifying the UCMS model using a PSD can increase the stress response.

Computer-aided Discovery of Bioactive Natural Product Isoliquiritigenin as an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor

Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Bioactive natural products have been extensively investigated for the discovery of alternative Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatments. Recently, our structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) campaigns on natural products served in the LOTUS database exhibited the potency of isoliquiritigenin as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, which propelled us to investigate it further. This study aimed to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of isoliquiritigenin compared to commonly known inhibitors i.e., donepezil through in vitro and in silico studies. The AChE inhibitory activity of isoliquiritigenin and donepezil was evaluated using the improved Ellman method and the molecular mechanism in inhibiting AChE was identified using molecular docking and dynamics simulations. Our findings verified the AChE inhibitory activity of isoliquiritigenin, possessing an IC50 value of 126.22 µM compared to donepezil with an IC50 value of 36.98 µM. In silico studies revealed that five best-docked poses from 100 redocking and molecular docking simulations established interactions in the AChE active site in 5 ns after 5-ns equilibration run. Further dynamics interactions were explored to 50 ns, showing interactions of isoliquiritigenin and donepezil which were still in the AChE active site. These simulations also revealed the pivotality of the aromatic ring and hydroxyl moiety of isoliquiritigenin reinforcing the receptor-ligand stabilization. Our studies hence exhibited the potency of isoliquiritigenin acting as an AChE inhibitor and might be explored in isoliquiritigenin-containing bioactive natural products as AD alternative treatments.

Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition of Three Choline Chloride-based NADES Extracts from Pluchea indica Leaves: Ex vivo and in silico Approach

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Pluchea indica (L.) Less leaves contain chlorogenic acid, which has antioxidant activity. This study aims to evaluate the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation of P. indica leaf extract obtained from three natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride (ChCl). Chlorogenic acid content in the extracts was determined by RP-HPLC. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity (LPOI) was carried out using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method on rat liver homogenates ex vivo. In silico studies was carried out against three enzymes, namely cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450. The ChCl-Urea (1:2) extract of P. indica leaves contains the highest levels of chlorogenic acid (0.404%, w/w). The extract at 12.5% (v/v) gave the best LPOI value of 22.5%. Chlorogenic acid as an antioxidant in inhibiting lipid peroxidation could be influenced by interaction with cyclooxygenase-2 and cytochrome P450 inhibition in silico with binding energy values of -7.27 and -6.47 Kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, chlorogenic acid, one of the active compounds from P. indica leaves, is responsible for inhibiting lipid peroxidation. However, in the future, it is necessary to investigate other phenolic chemical components from the NADES extract of P. indica leaves that play a role in this activity.

Evaluation of Adherence to Prescription Guidelines for Secondary Prevention at Discharge Following Ischemic Stroke

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Stroke is a significant public health issue. It represents the second cause of death globally and the third cause of death and disability combined. This study aims to evaluate stroke secondary prevention therapy prescribed at discharge. A retrospective analysis of patients admitted to Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital from the 15th of September 2023 to the 15th of January 2024. The prescription of secondary prevention therapy at discharge was evaluated according to American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines which recommends the prescription of antiplatelet therapy and high-intensity statins to all patients and antihypertensive treatment to patients with hypertension. Researchers reviewed 180 medical records, of those 164 were eligible who were aged 33-101 years (mean=65.5), and of those, 97 (55.7%) were male. Overall, 70.1% received appropriate secondary prevention therapy; 92.1% received antiplatelet therapy and statins; 78.0% received antihypertensive treatment. In contrast, 16.8% received high-intensity statins and only 11.1% of patients with atrial fibrillation received anticoagulants. There was no statistically significant difference between receivers and non-receivers of appropriate secondary prevention therapy with the exception of systolic blood pressure on admission (P: 0.038). In addition, the male patients (odd ratio (OR): 0.404; 95% CI 0.164, 0.995) were less likely to receive antihypertensive therapy. Our findings highlight the need for education programs to ensure optimal statin dosing and improve prescribing of antihypertensive medications, and anticoagulants on follow-up to reduce stroke-related morbidity and mortality.

Survey of Bachelor of Pharmacy Students Thesis Trends Before, During, and After the Covid-19 Pandemic

Thu, 17 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The COVID-19 pandemic spread to Indonesia in March 2020 and subsided in mid-2022. The pandemic has had a major impact on the health of people around the world and has affected other aspects of life, especially education. The pandemic had an impact on academic activities in higher education. This study aims to describe the research patterns of bachelor pharmacy student's thesis before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. We also investigated the reasons for students in determining thesis research topics and the percentage of theses published in journals or proceedings. The study was designed observationally with a questionnaire to collect the data. The respondents included pharmacy undergraduate students at Universitas Gadjah Mada who are completing or have completed the thesis during the period before, during, or after the COVID-19 pandemic. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively according to the same variables such as trends in thesis research topics, students' reasons for determining topics, and number of journal publications from thesis research. The total number of respondents who completed the questionnaire was 258, with 53, 100, and 95 students conducting the research before, during, and after the pandemic, respectively. Before the pandemic, among all respondents, most of them conducted research on the topics of pharmaceutical technology (22.73%), pharmacology & toxicology (15.91%), pharmacotherapy & clinical pharmacy (15.91%), and pharmacy management and community pharmacy (15.91%). In terms of research methods, most of them conducted laboratory-based research (76.06%). During the pandemic, the topics of research were dominated by pharmacotherapy & clinical pharmacy (34.88%), and pharmacy management and community pharmacy (32.56%), and the most common type of final project study was literature review (47.57%). After the pandemic subsided in mid-2022, pharmacy management and community pharmacy (41.94%) was the most dominant one. In the study, we observed that scientific interest and supervisor competence were two main reasons for students in determining the topic of research topics. Among respondents, up to 25% of all bachelor student thesis was published in the form of national and international journal articles, and presentations at national and international conferences. Based on the study, we conclude that the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the trends of bachelor pharmacy student thesis.

New, Valid, and Reliable Indonesian Version of the Quality of Life Assessment Instrument Based On the Health Condition: Health-Related Quality of Life With Six Dimensions

Wed, 12 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Health-related quality of life is very important to be measured as the parts of Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO). PRO can show the disease proression and also may influence the clinical decision making. There are many QoL instruments available in Indonesia as generic and specific instruments, however, there is no QoL instrument which measured the respondents’ functions based on the health status. This study is aimed to translate, adapt and validate the new QoL instrument based on the health condition, namely HRQ-6D (Health Related Quality of Life, 6 Dimensions). We conducted forward and backward translations. The subjects were people who lived in Yogyakarta city with aged more than 18 years old, and agreed to participate in this study. While the exclusion criteria were patients whose questionnaire data were incomplete. We shared the questionnaire to the area of Yogyakarta from September to October 2023. We used Pearson correlation, Cronbach alpha reliability test and Student T-test for the validity and reliability assessment. We recruited 69 respondents with mostly female (60.9%) and the age is more than 60 yo (80.9%). Based on the health condition, more than fifty percent of the subjects (59.4%) were in Category 1, which considered as healthy, and only one subject were having more than one disease and have been hospitalized more than three times due to the disease or the complications (Category 4). The reliability test showed the Cronbach alpha value between 0.60-0.75. And all of the items in the questionnaire met the convergent and discriminant validity. TheHRQ-6D can be implemented as the new Bahasa Version of QoL instrument, supported with the validity and reliability assessment.

Determinant of Smoking Cessation Behavior among Low Dependence Smokers: A Discrete Choice Experiment

Eliza Dwinta, Susi Ari Kristina, Vo Quang Trung — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Smoking is one of the major factors of morbidity and mortality in the world. The main causes of death of smokers are extensive chronic diseases. The proportion of smokers in Indonesia is 28.96%, especially in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, the proportion of smokers is 24.54%. This study aims to determine what types of trade-offs in low dependence smokers choose to support smoking cessation and low dependence smokers’ preferences based on socio-demographic characteristics. Smokers in the Yogyakarta city were surveyed to elicit their preferences for, and trade-offs between the attributes of a hypothetical smoking cessation behavior. Preferences for price of cigarette, health impact, warning label, availability of support, and service provided were assessed using the discrete choice experiment method. The degree of dependence on nicotine assessed by using Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and self–administered questionnaires containing five attributes and levels based on trade-off is delivered. The data analyzed using binary logistic regression test. The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that most respondents were affected by marital status, recent education, occupation, the place where the respondent was smoked, and the history of quitting smoking in choosing the choice set. Most respondents chose choice set with the price of cigarettes around IDR 25,000-30,000; cancer which is a side effect of smoking that they afraid of, the effect of warning labels and support from neighborhood, and they prefer assistance from health services in the form of drugs to support them to stop smoking. The results of this study is that respondents tend to prefer factors that make them easier and faster in supporting smoking cessation.

Health Impact of Unauthorized Medicine Sales in an Industrial Distribution Center

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand, has been recognized as a national distribution center for several kinds of goods. The public problems in this industrial district could impact the health of people across Thailand. This study aims to prioritize the medicines-related problems affecting people’s health. A multimethod design was employed in this study. First, the public problems affecting people’s health were surveyed by the division of consumer protection, department of pharmacy. Second, disease burden was analyzed via the hospital database. Third, an interactive multivoting process was conducted to prioritize public problems affecting people’s health. In 2019, 48.5% of grocery stores (11 out of 24) sold Ya-Chud (including NSAIDs and steroids). Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding was the leading cause of hospitalization. The incidence rate of GI bleeding, average LOS, and average cost of inpatient admission from 2020--2022 were 51.55 per 1000 people, 8 days per admission, 538.47$ USD, 80.80 per 1000 people, 4.1 days per admission, 225.66$ USD and 45.45 per 1000 people, 4.5 days per admission, and 464.55$ USD, respectively. Multiple reports indicate that buying medicines, especially NSAIDs, from grocery stores without pharmacist care is the most important problem affecting people’s health. A master plan for addressing medicines-related problems focusing on Ya-Chud is needed. Linkagesamong stakeholders’ databases, including community hospitals, community leaders, and private sectors, should be developed to serve the plan.

Knowledge of Intravenous Preparation among Health Professionals and Assessment of the Sterile Product Label Information Coverage

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Individual knowledge of intravenous medicine (IVM) preparation is essential in patient safety. Comprehensive information on IV product preparation is indispensable within healthcare settings. Brochures constitute a primary resource for understanding the preparation of injectable medications. This research aims to investigate individual knowledge of IVM preparations and to assess the completeness of the information provided in package brochures regarding the IVM preparation processes. This research employed a cross-sectional design to investigate the subject matter. Questionnaires were utilized to identify the characteristics and individual knowledge of healthcare professionals involved in dispensing intravenous medicine (IVM). A cohort of 80 health professionals participated in the study. A checklist form was employed to evaluate the completeness of the information provided in 148 package brochures regarding IVM preparation. Subsequently, the data within the brochures were compared to the Regulation outlined by the Indonesian National Food and Drug Authority. The findings indicated that 79 respondents (98.75%) comprehended the reconstitution process, with 46 respondents (57.5%) undergoing aseptic dispensing training. Among the respondents, 48 (60%) primarily relied on brochures as their main information source, while 49 (61.25%) reported encountering details primarily concerning dose and solubility products. Among the 148 assessed brochures, storage methods were included in 146 (99%) brochures, reconstitution methods in 54 (36%) brochures, drug incompatibility in 28 (19%), stability of drugs in 12 (8%), and only 10 (7%) brochures provided a list of excipients. Enhancing individual knowledge regarding IVM preparation is crucial, necessitating support through comprehensive training initiatives. A significant proportion of medical personnel rely on brochures for information during IVM preparations, yet not all brochures comply with mandatory government regulations. These findings underscore the necessity for manufacturers to ensure completeness in brochure content. The comprehensive inclusion of information within brochures is vital in preventing discrepancies and increasing the safety standards associated with administering intravenous preparations to patients.

In Vitro Evaluation of 4-Methoxyresorcinol and Kaempferol 7-ORutinoside and Their Radioiodinated Derivatives in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and LNCaP Cell Lines

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The global population is currently experiencing high rates of mortality due to the growing burden of cancer. Efforts on the development of new potent anticancer agents are necessary. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity of two flavonoids, including 4-methoxyresorcinol (MRC) and kaempferol 7-O-rutinoside (K7R), isolated from Melia azedarach L. leaves. Anticancer activity was evaluated in vitro against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and LNCaP cell lines. Radioiodination was performed with iodine-131 as well as computational studies to assess the feasibility of the isolated compounds as natural product-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosing and managing cancer. The results showed that MRC and K7R had moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and LNCaP cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 154.75 to 1962.66 µM. Cellular uptake investigations found that the highest cellular accumulation of [¹³¹I]-4-methoxyresorcinol (MRCI) was observed in MCF-7 (3.17 ± 0.11%) after 24 hours of incubation, approximately 20-fold greater than the control group uptake (iodine-131). Meanwhile, [¹³¹I]-kaempferol 7-O-rutinoside (K7RI) showed the highest uptake in MCF-7 (3.05 ± 0.9%) post-one hour of incubation, which was around 23-folds higher than iodine-131 uptake. In conclusion, both MRC and K7R were identified as potential anticancer drugs, which could be further developed into new radiopharmaceutical candidates.

Factors Affecting Preparation of Repaglinide Nanoparticles for Dissolution Improvement

Hamsa Yaseen Ghadhan, Kawther Khalid Ahmed — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to develop a stable nanosuspension of repaglinide and improve its dissolution, using the Nano-precipitation method, involving a different concentration of a stabilizer, different co-stabilizers and different solvents. Employment of a systemic approach to optimize the formulation parameters, including stabilizer concentration, solvent choice and co-stabilizer election. Soluplus® (SOL) was used as the primary stabilizer for this research, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poloxamer 188 (PXM 188), tween 80 (TW80), and polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP k30) were investigated as co-stabilizers to prevent particle agglomeration and ensure long-term stability. In addition to ethanol as a primary solvent, acetone and chloroform were used for solvent-change assessment. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), FTIR study to reveal any interactions and particle morphology using scanning electron microscope, and drug crystallinity and thermal changes were evaluated to assess the physicochemical properties of the nanosuspension.

RPG-SOL3 resulted nanoparticle mean size (82.96 nm±3.95) and a PDI of (0.100±0.098). In vitro dissolution studies showed a complete dissolution of the formula and a significant enhancement when compared to RPG drug powder. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the amorphous nature of optimal RPG nanoparticle. This study successfully develops a stable nanosuspension formulation of repaglinide to improve its dissolution properties. We have achieved a nanosuspension with desirable physicochemical characteristics through systematic optimization of formulation parameters, including selecting stabilizers and co-stabilizers.