Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy

Isolation and Evaluation Bioactivities of Secondary Metabolites from Leaf Extracts of (Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.)

Marwati Marwati, Yusnita Rifai, Gemini alam, Risfah Yulianty — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Cancer is a condition of abnormal cell development with one of the p53 gene mutation pathways that can molecularly and biologically lead to the formation of cancer cells, and abnormalities in the p53 gene occur in 60% of cancer cases. Under normal conditions, p53 has an important role in cell division. One of the plants that can be developed as an anticancer agent is leaves R. tomentosa Which has chemical compounds such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. This study aims to isolate, identify, and determine the bioactivity of secondary metabolite compounds in extracts, fractions, and methanol isolates of R. tomentosa leaves against cancer cells. The samples used were from Sulu Sopai Village, Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi Province. Fine powdered leaves of R. tomentosa leaves were macerated with 70% ethanol solvent. The ethanol extract obtained was partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol-water n-hexane and then fractionated by the isolation of compounds carried out by chromatographic techniques, including KLT, The spectra of the isolated compounds were determined using FT-IR, and then the extracts, fractions, and isolates were tested for cytotoxic properties and selectivity against MCF-7, T47D, WiDr, HeLa, and normal cells (Vero Cell). by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolim bromide (MTT) method. The results showed that the extracts and fractions contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroid compounds, and isolates from R. tomentosa leaves. Identification with the KLT Three Eluent System showed a single yellow stain on the KLT plate, which is a typical color of flavanoid compounds, with Rfs of 0.35, 0.67, and 0.72. The AlCl3 reagent test also showed that the isolate obtained was a flavanoid compound group. As well as FTIR spectrum data showing the presence of C-O, C=O, and O-H primary groups, the isolate obtained is a flavanoid compound group with a melting point of 288–290 °C. The bioactivity test results of extracts, fractions, and isolates of R. tomentosa leaves show that the results obtained in ethanol-water extracts have activity as anticancer in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation with IC₅₀ values obtained in MCF-7 cells of 9.66 µg/mL (strong), T47D 59.47 µg/mL (medium), WiDr 39.21 µg/mL (strong), HeLa 199.6 µg/mL (medium), and on normal cells (Vero Cell) has a weak toxic effect with an IC₅₀ value of 1292.50 µg/mL. And doxorubicin, 3.2753 µg/mL. Based on the results obtained from this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol-water fraction of R. tomentosa leaves has anticancer activity on MCF-7, T47D, WiDr, and HeLa cancer cells. and has a weak toxic effect on normal cells (vero cells) compared to ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction, and isolates. The ethanol extract and ethanol-water fraction of R. tomentosa leaves are active and have active selectivity.

The Effect Formulation on The Activity of Catechins as A Sunscreen and Skin Lightening

Widyastuti Widyastuti, Gita Florida, Laura Reski Triananda — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Catechins are found in many plants, one of which comes from gambier. The stability of catechins which is affected by pH and temperature also affects the activity test after being made in dosage form. This study aims to see the effect of catechin formulations in the form of gel and nanoemulsion on the activity of sunscreen and skin lightening. Tests carried out in vitro included antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH method and B16F0 cell viability against catechins, determination of Sun Protecting Factor (SPF), Protection grade UVA (PA), tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition using the spectrophotometric method of catechin formulas in the form of gel and nanoemulsion dosage forms. The results showed that catechins have very strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ of 16.421 µg/mL, not toxic to B16F0 cells up to a concentration of 200 µg/mL. Catechins gel and nanoemulsion dosage forms have good stability during storage. The formulation had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the value of SPF, PA, percentage of tyrosinase, and melanogenesis inhibition. Catechins in the form of nanoemulsion formulation provide better sunscreen and skin lightening activity than those in gel dosage forms.

Dichloromethane Fraction of Vernonia amygdalina Delile Synergistically Enhances Cytotoxicity of Doxorubicin on 4T1 Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells through Apoptosis Induction and Cell Cycle Modulation

Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Doxorubicin (Dox) belongs to the chemotherapeutics agent that is commonly used to cure non-specific markers of cancers, including Triple Negative Breast Cancers (TNBC). Due to its toxicity to normal cells, the use of Dox is usually accompanied by another agent to increase the potency or to reduce the adverse effects. This study investigated the potential of Africa Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) extracts in combination treatment with Dox to increase the cytotoxicity in accordance with cell cycle modulation and apoptosis induction on TNBC cells. The MTT cell viability assay on 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells confirmed that only dichloromethane (DCM) fraction showed cytotoxic activities on both cells in a low grade. The DCM fraction increased the cytotoxic activity of Dox on 4T1 cells in a synergistic manner. The synergistic effect correlated with its activities in cell cycle modulation to accumulate the cells in sub-G1 phase and significantly induced apoptosis. In conclusion, the DCM fraction exhibits potential to be a co-chemotherapeutics agent for Dox to suppress TNBC cells growth through apoptosis induction.

Metformin HCl Controlled-Release Microparticles: DoE-Based Formulation Development and In-Vivo Proof of Concept Study

Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Conventional drug delivery systems deal with side effects caused by fluctuating plasma levels. However, controlled drug delivery systems face another challenge since big dosing results in voluminous dosage forms. The drug delivery system is only suitable for some patients. A sustained-release drug delivery system in microparticles is proposed to conquer the problems. This research proposed to develop and optimize sustained-release microparticles consisting of metformin HCl as a drug model and a mixture of Eudragit RS and Kollidon SR as a polymeric matrix using a Box-Behnken design. The evaluation was conducted regarding drug loading, entrapment efficiency, and particle size to determine the optimal formulation. Metformin HCl concentration and drug-polymer ratio were dominant increased particle size, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, and particle size distribution. Particle size testing showed that the optimized formulation had a microparticle size of 1.363 ± 0.03 µm with a particle size distribution of 1.131 ± 0.028. In vitro evaluation showed that the release of metformin HCl microparticles followed Weibull kinetics within 24 hours. In contrast, in vivo evaluation confirmed the ability of microparticles to control blood glucose levels in mice for up to 24 hours with a 59% reduction. The microparticle effectively controlled drug release and reduced blood glucose levels in the rats.

The Application Arbutin in Elimination Resistance of Antibiotics Against Gramm-Negative Multi-Drug Resistance Bacteria of Acinetobacter baumanni and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The purpose of our work was investigate in vitro and in silico elimination resistance of antibiotics against clinical multidrug-resistant strains of A. baumani, K. pneumonia by arbutin. The molecular docking was performed using AutoDockTools 1.5.6; antimicrobial effects were evaluated by the well method. Theoretical studies have found that none of the investigated antibiotics and arbutin highly selectively inhibits all "targets" mechanisms of antimicrobial action. In experimental studies, it was observed that the addition of arbutin to the antibiotic led to the emergence of sensitivity on the part of resistant strains. All Gramm-negative resistance strains of bacteria were sensitive to the action of arbutin. Moreover, arbutin increased the antimicrobial effect of antibiotics from 8 to 55%. It was estimated exceptions such as clarithromycin and azithromycin when assessing antimicrobial activity against A. baumani and P. aeruginosa. These studies haves shown that to inhibit resistant strains of bacteria, require the use of combinations of “classical” antimicrobials and herbal drugs or dietary supplements based on extracts obtained from arbutin-containing medicinal plants such as lingonberry, bearberry, and cranberry. This approach is a “lifeline” for the development of antimicrobial agents against resistant bacteria and gives “a second chance to return to life” for outdated antibiotics.

Design and Evaluation of The Floating Oral In Situ Gelling System of Levofloxacin Hemihydrate to Dysphagia Patients

Sekar Ayu Pawestri, Akhmad Kharis Nugroho — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagia patients often experience difficulty swallowing solid preparations and discomfort when administered by injection. Levofloxacin is marketed as available in tablet and injection forms, such as in Indonesia. This study aims to develop an aqueous dispersion formulation for a floating oral gelling system of levofloxacin hemihydrate with sustained release delivery. HPMC and sodium alginate were combined as polymers to form an in situ gel system in an acidic environment. The optimization was performed based on the simplex lattice mixture design method. The effect of variations in the concentration of both polymers influenced the viscosity of the formula. The optimum formula was 0.378% sodium alginate and 0.122% HPMC. The drug release mechanism of the optimum formula followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The kinetic mechanism of drug release fits into 2-compartment. The developed formulation offers augmented gastric retention of levofloxacin hemihydrate, leading to improved efficacy.

Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Formulated with Palm Kernel Stearin and Rice Bran Oil as Squalene Carriers Via Ultrasonication

Indah Nur Rahma Syafirah, Sri Raharjo, Arima Diah Setiowati — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The main objective of this study was to optimize squalene-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a lipid matrix of palm kernel stearin, rice bran oil, and Tween 80 as surfactants. Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) was prepared using the ultrasonication method. Optimization process was performed using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM). Three ultrasonication parameters were employed including temperature, time, and amplitude. The optimization was evaluated for its response on particle size (X1), polydispersity index (X2), zeta potential (X3), and encapsulation efficiency (X4). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photograph, peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid value, anisidine value, stability, particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were tested on nanostructured lipid carrier squalene-loaded (NLC-s) and control samples within a storage time of 28 days. These NLC-s were prepared by ultrasonication time of 24.8 minutes, amplitude of 80, and temperature of 43.7°C. The characteristics of the NLC-s were evaluated before and after storage for 28 days at room temperature resulted in particle size (nm) of 38.6 and 40.3, PDI of 0.282 and 0.213, zeta potential (mV) of -34.1 and -34.8, and EE of (%) 85.69 and 84.04, respectively. The empty NLC had particle size (nm) of 37.4 and 38.5, PDI of 0.240 and 0.276, and zeta potential (mV) of -41.5 and -32.9.

Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Antiplasmodial Activity of Steroid Compound from Sponge Hyrtios reticulatus

Mahfur Mahfur, Subagus Wahyuono, Indah Purwantini, Erna Prawita Setyowati — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Hyrtios reticulatus is a type of sponge that has antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and FCR3 variants. However, there has never been a report on the isolation of antiplasmodial substances from Hyrtios reticulatus. The objective of this research was to isolate and structure elucidation of antiplasmodial compound from Hyrtios reticulatus. The chloroform fraction from ethanol extract was partitioned by column chromatography with a ratio of n-hexane to ethyl acetate of 5:5 v/v and was purified using preparative thin-layer chromatography. Then the result was identified and characterised using spectroscopic method. The antiplasmodial activity was studied in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and FCR3 using micro method. The purified compound was white crystal with (λmaks) at 235 nm and was identified with UV-vis spectroscopy. The infrared spectrum showed that the isolate had functional hydroxyl (OH) groups, aliphatic C-H bond, C-O bond, vanillic C-H bond, and carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C). The result of the mass spectrometry analysis of the purified compound showed a molecular weight of 414 g/mol. The H-NMR, C-NMR, DEPT, COSY and HMBC spectrum and the spectral analysis revealed the presence of a compound of β-sitosterol and it had antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and FCR3 with IC₅₀ 17.76 ± 2.86 µg/ml and 12.03 ± 1.60 µg/ml.

Characterization of Curcumin from Curcuma purpurascens Blume and Its Activity Test as Antioxidant and Antilipase

Oktariani Pramiastuti Okta, Nanang Fakhrudin, Puji Astuti, Subagus Wahyuono — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Curcuma purpurascens Blume is a plant in the Zingiberaceae family and known as temu blenyeh. This plant has been used as a medicinal plant but there is still little research and not much has been reported about its chemical components. The research aimed to isolate and characterize the chemical components of the rhizomes of C. purpurascens and test its activity as an antioxidant and antilipase. The ethanol extract of temu blenyeh (Curcuma purpurascens Blume) underwent antioxidant activity-guided purification using vacuum liquid chromatography to obtain pure compounds. The antioxidant activity test used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl) method, while the antilipase activity test performed inhibition of pancreatic lipase enzyme activity. The results showed that the ethanol extract had antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 55.501±0.361µg/mL with the positive control Vitamin C having an IC₅₀ of 5.843±0.181µg/mL. The antilipase activity of the ethanol extract had an IC₅₀ value of 117.863 ± µg/mL. The antilipase activity of orlistat as a positive control had an IC₅₀ value of 12.265 ± µg/mL. The ethylacetate fraction activated the lipase enzyme with the highest inhibition of 70.33%. Curcumin was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of C. purpurascens rhizomes in the form of a yellow-orange powder with antioxidant activity of IC₅₀ 71.305±0.215µg/mL and was found to be an active lipase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 54.786±5.588µg/mL. The structure was identified using UV-Vis, IR, UPLC-MSMS, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR analysis.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Nanoparticles using Azadiracta indica Extract

Wasir Ibrahim, Muhlisin Muhlisin, Zuprizal Zuprizal, Ronny Martien — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Zinc nanoparticles are a nanotechnology utilizing the mineral zinc, which can act as a drug delivery system. Green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using Azadiracta indica extract and their characterization is presented in this paper. The zinc nanoparticles were prepared by mixing 30 ml zinc nitrate hexahydrate with 5 ml of neem leaf extract. The extract was prepared with 100% aquadest. The characterization of zinc nanoparticles was performed using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analyzer (PSA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the wavelength of zinc nanoparticles was 365 nm. Based on FTIR analysis, the spectrum, showed the presence of functional groups in high intencity. The size of zinc nanoparticles is 368.8 nm with Polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.472. A typical phase plot was good in quality with no interference. The zeta potential value of zinc nanoparticles is -43.6 mV and the standard deviation is 18.8 mV. According to XRD analysis, the zinc nanoparticles have been indexed as the spherical to the hexagonal phase with high crystallinity, which is proved by the image of TEM. EDX profile authenticated the presence of only Zn, C, O and Si with no other elements contamination.

The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy And Self-Care Activity On The Quality Of Life In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

Putri Mega Wijayanti, Elly Wahyudin, Jamaluddin Madolangan, Bustanul Arifin — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Currently, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the main causes of increasing morbidity and mortality throughout the world. COPD is a disease that lasts a long time and is progressive and difficult to cure completely, so it has a bad impact on the quality of life. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase maximum therapeutic management in managing the disease, one of which is self management such as increasing self-efficacy and self-care activity. This research aimed to determine the relationship between self efficacy and self-care activity on the quality of life in COPD patients. The method used in this research was cross-sectional involving 150 participants who had been diagnosed with COPD. This research used the SCES (COPD Self Efficacy Scale), SGRQ (ST.George's Respiratory Questionnaire), and WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Bref) questionnaires. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Chi-Square test. The results of this research showed that the majority of COPD patients at the Labuang Baji Regional Public Hospital of Makassar had low self-efficacy and self-care activity, which caused the quality of life of these COPD patients to be poor or bad. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between self-efficacy and self-care activity on the quality of life in COPD patients, with a significance value of p<0.05.

Self-efficacy, Self-management and Their Impact on Hypertensive Patients’ Outcomes: A Study from Primary Health Centers in Indonesia

Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Self-management in hypertensive patient outcomes is considered cost-effective treatment with self-efficacy support. Factors correlated with self-efficacy and self-management are complex interactions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study explored the factors related to self-efficacy and self-management and their impact on blood pressure and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of hypertensive patients in primary health centers. A cross-sectional study from ten primary health centers from South Sumatera province with 407 participants used a questionnaire and medical records. The data were analyzed descriptively, bivariate (chi-square) and multivariate logistic regression backward method. Factors correlated to self-efficacy include disease knowledge (OR = 5.538, P=0.000), social support (OR=4.330, P=0,000), disease courses (OR=2.807, P=0.000) and unemployed/retired (OR=2.174, P=0.002), while the factor correlated to self-management are disease knowledge (OR=2.223, P=0.002), unemployed/retired (OR=1.712, P=0.037), self-efficacy (OR=1.631, P=0.046), age (OR=1.594, P=0.023), and social support (OR=1.461, P=0.099). Self-management is correlated with blood pressure (OR=5.045, P=0.000) and HRQoL (OR=0.541, P=0.005). Blood pressure is correlated with HRQoL (OR=1.703, R=0.027). Hypertensive patients with higher disease knowledge, higher social support, longer disease courses, and unemployed/retired were significantly more likely to have good self-efficacy. Thus, the higher disease knowledge, unemployed/retired, patients with good self-efficacy, older age, and higher social support are more likely to have better self-management. Disease knowledge is the most correlated variable with self-efficacy and self-management in this study. Self-management has a positive effect on blood pressure and HRQoL. Controlled blood pressure is known to have a positive HRQoL. This study provides an overview for the government and health care professionals in recognizing strong predictors and implementing effective strategies in self-management interventions in hypertensive patients.

Retrospective Study of COVID-19 Impact on Medication Use

Thanushiri Palani Velu, Farida Islahudin, Wei Wen Chong — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic shifted the medicine utilization landscape in hospitals globally.The purpose of this study was to assess changes in medication utilization throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. A retrospective, descriptive study on medication use was conducted at a tertiary referral hospital in Malaysia. The study covered two periods: from 1 January 2018, to 31 December 2019 (pre-pandemic phase), and from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 (pandemic phase). The analysis included 266 medicines, and the results indicated that a majority of the medications (n=142, 53.4%) experienced a decline in purchasing trends during the pandemic period (2020-2021). Notably, parenteral medications such as muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate 2 mg/ml injection (1583.3%), vasopressin 20IU/mL injection (796%), vitamin B and C injection (672.9%,) and oral antipsychotic olanzapine 5mg (534.4%) witnessed an exponential increase in purchases. Conversely, several classes of medicines exhibited a decline in purchasing trends ranging from -45.7% to -73.7%. Notable decreases were observed in peptic ulcer medication, diuretics, and nasal decongestants. This study provides valuable insights into medication utilization trends, offering guidance to healthcare supply chain stakeholders in optimizing logistics operations, ensuring medication availability, and making informed decisions to enhance patient care and resource allocation.

Mobile App-Assisted Patient Education in the Public Health: Minimizing Vaccine Anxiety and Managing Long-Term and Post-Covid-19 Effects

Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The challenge of vaccine hesitancy, especially towards COVID-19 vaccination, is raised by the widespread dissemination of misinformation, leading to increased anxiety among potential recipients. The primary objective is to assess the impact of a mobile app-based educational intervention on reducing anxiety associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, this study aims to establish the baseline prevalence of vaccine-related anxiety within the target population. A pre-test–post-test design was utilized for this study, conducted from March to August 2021 among residents of rural areas in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A mobile app containing accurate and up-to-date vaccine-related information was developed for the educational intervention. Participants' levels of anxiety regarding COVID-19 vaccination were measured before and after the intervention using a standardized questionnaire. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied for statistical analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Initial findings indicated that 56.90% of participants (n=268) experienced "mild to moderate" anxiety levels towards the COVID-19 vaccine before the intervention. Following the educational intervention, there was a statistically significant reduction in anxiety levels, with only 36.30% (n=171) reporting "mild to moderate" anxiety and 27.39% (n=129) indicating "moderate to severe" anxiety levels. The educational intervention's impact was statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.001. This study confirms that a mobile app-based educational intervention can significantly lower anxiety levels among individuals in rural Yogyakarta, Indonesia, concerning COVID-19 vaccination. These results highlight the potential of such interventions to effectively combat vaccine hesitancy and improve vaccine acceptance in similar contexts. This strategy shows promise in aiding global efforts to address the COVID-19 pandemic and future vaccination initiatives.

Potential drug interaction of corticosteroids and symptomatic therapy in COVID-19 patients in RSUD Banyumas, Indonesia

Heny Ekowati, Zulfanida Akmelati, Nialiana Endah Endriastuti, Sarmoko Sarmoko — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Corticosteroids may interact with another drug used in COVID-19 treatment. Drug-drug interactions can diminish the efficacy of drugs in the body, necessitating proper management. This study aimed to identify potential drug interactions in COVID-19 therapy at Banyumas Hospital, Indonesia. This study implemented descriptive observational methodology with a retrospective design. The study included all COVID-19 inpatients at the Banyumas Hospital between June 2020 and June 2021. Potential drug interactions were analyzed using the Drugs Interaction Checker on Drugs.com and Lexicomp on UpToDate. Among 334 patients, pharmacokinetics (189 cases, 38.10%), pharmacodynamics (264 cases, 53.23%), and unknown (44 cases, 8.87%) drug interaction may occur. Based on the severity, the potential for drug interactions were classified as significant (50 cases, 10.08%), moderate (204 cases, 41.13%), and minor (243 cases, 48.1%). Patients with COVID-19 are at risk for potential drug interactions, most of which cannot be avoided. It is important to select appropriate drug uses and manage therapy appropriately to reduce the incidence of potential drug interactions.

Cost of COVID-19 Mass Vaccination in Yogyakarta Health Center Level: A Case Study

Marlita Ekasari, Ragil Setia Dianingati, Lili Nur Indah Sari — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) outbreak had a significant impact on every sector. To minimize the case and the mortality rate, the vaccination program is accelerated using every possible strategy. One of the strategies employed in Indonesia is the mass vaccination program. This study aimed to estimate the unit cost of the mass vaccination program service delivery of COVID-19 Sinovac vaccine per dose and per fully vaccinated (2-dose) against COVID-19 in a public health center facility in Yogyakarta city. The costing study used activity-based cost according to the financial data, interviews, and direct observations. The incremental financial cost and full economic cost were calculated using the government or provider's point of view. The total cost is then divided by the number of doses injected and multiplied by two to get the cost per fully vaccinated person. The incremental financial cost and economic values per dose were USD32.64 and USD33.57, while for the fully vaccinated person (2-dose) using Sinovac Vaccine were USD 65.28 and USD 67.15, respectively. Based on the one-way sensitivity analysis, the unit cost per fully vaccinated is influenced by vaccine price and the number of vaccinated people per mass vaccination session.

Erratum: Addendum to "The Effects of Duration of Fermentation on Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Isoflavones of the Germinated Jack Bean Tempeh (Canavalia ensiformis)" that was published in Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy (Volume 34 No.3)

Iva Tsalissavrina, Agnes Murdiati, Sri Raharjo, Lily Arsanti Lestari — Thu, 19 Jun 2025 10:26:03 +0700

The original version of this article did not include the complete affiliation details. The following addition has been made to the first author's affiliation: “Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.”. © 2025 The Authors