Traditional bullying, cyberbullying, and subjective well-being post-COVID-19 in Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.90980

Ihsana Sabriani Borualogo(1*), Muhamad Arif Saefudin(2), Hedi Wahyudi(3), Sulisworo Kusdiyati(4)

(1) Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Islam Bandung
(2) Faculty of Psychology Universitas Islam Bandung
(3) Faculty of Psychology Universitas Islam Bandung
(4) Faculty of Psychology Universitas Islam Bandung
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Previous research has highlighted bullying as a significant issue in Indonesia, with a notable increase in cyberbullying among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, adversely affecting their psychological well-being. However, there has been limited discussion on bullying in the post-COVID-19 era. This study has three aims. The first is to examine the subjective well-being (SWB) of children who have either experienced bullying or have not been bullied after the pandemic. The second is to assess the occurrence of both traditional bullying (involving siblings and at school) and cyberbullying in Indonesia following COVID-19. The third aim is to investigate the factors linked to these forms of bullying post-pandemic. The participants were middle school students (N = 943; 57.2% girls, 45.0% in grade 7). The Children's Worlds Subjective Well-Being Scale with five items (CW-SWBS5) was employed to assess children's SWB. Separate measures were utilized for traditional and cyberbullying. Six factors—family, school climate, personal satisfaction, friendships, safety, and social media usage—were analyzed as independent variables using linear regression to determine their impact on bullying forms. The structural equation model (SEM) was applied to evaluate how these bullying types affect SWB. The findings revealed that sibling bullying and cyberbullying significantly influenced children’s SWB, with girls reporting lower SWB scores than boys. Cyberbullying emerged as the most prevalent form of bullying post-pandemic. A positive school climate was found to shield children from bullying. Cummins' theory of well-being homeostasis was employed to interpret the results. This study also discussed implications for educators and parents.

Keywords


Cyberbullying ;Sibling bullying; School bullying; Traditional bullying; Post-COVID-19

Full Text:

PDF


References

Andresen, S., & Ben-Arieh, A. (2016). Can we compare children’s well-being across countries? Lessons from the Children’s World Study. In C. Hunner-Kreisel & S. Bohne (Eds.), Childhood, Youth, and Migration. Children’s Well-Being: Indicators and Research (pp. 15-29). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319

António, R., Guerra, R., & Moleiro, C. (2023). Cyberbullying during COVID-19 lockdowns: Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes for youth. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04394-7

Arbuckle, J. L. (2010). IBM SPSS ® AmosTM 19 User’s guide. AMOS Development Corporation.

Astungkoro, R., & Ramadhan, B. (2023, 6 March). FSGI: Awal 2023, ada 6 kasus perundungan dan 14 kekerasan seksual di sekolah. Republika, https://news.republika.co.id/berita/rr3m5m330/fsgi-awal-2023-ada-6-kasus-perundungan-dan-14-kekerasan-seksual-di-sekolah

Bacher-Hicks, A., Goodman, J., Green, J. G., & Holt, M. K. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted both school bullying and cyberbullying. American Economic Review: Insights, 4(3), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20210456

Baldry. A. C., Farrington, D. F., & Sorrentine, A. (2017). School bullying among boys and girls: Roles and overlap. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 26(9), 937-951. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1330793

Barlett, C. P., Simmers, M. M., Roth, B., & Gentile, D. (2021). Comparing cyberbullying prevalence and process before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of Social Psychology, 161(4), 408-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2021.1918619

Bauman, S., & Rivers, I. (2023). Digital aggression, cyberbullying, and the impact of COVID-19. In S. Baumann & I. Rivers (Eds.), Mental health in the digital age (pp. 85-107). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32122-1_5

Beran, T. & Li, Q. (2007). The relationship between cyberbullying and school bullying. Journal of Student Wellbeing, 1(2), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.21913/JSW.v1i2.172

Borualogo, I. S. (2021). The role of parenting style to the feeling of adequately heard and subjective well-being in perpetrators and bullying victims. Jurnal Psikologi, 48(1), 96-117. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.61860

Borualogo, I. S., & Casas, F. (2019). Adaptation and validation of the Children’s Worlds Subjective Well-Being Scale (CW-SWBS) in Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 46(2), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.38995

Borualogo, I. S., & Casas, F. (2021). Subjective well-being of bullied children in Indonesia. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16, 753-773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09778-1

Borualogo, I. S., & Casas, F. (2023). Sibling bullying, school bullying, and children’s subjective well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Child Indicators Research, 16, 1203-1232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-023-10013-5

Borualogo, I. S., & Gumilang, E. (2019). Kasus perundungan anak di Jawa Barat: Temuan awal Children’s Worlds survey di Indonesia. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i1.4439

Borualogo, I. S., Wahyudi, H., & Kusdiyati, S. (2023). Prevalence and predictors of cyberbullying in middle and high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jurnal Psikologi, 50(2), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.76494

Borualogo, I. S., Kusdiyati, S., & Wahyudi, H. (2023). Translation and adaptation of cyberbullying victimization and perpetration scales for Indonesian contexts. Proceeding Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes), KnE Life Sciences, 287-297. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i18.14227

Bravo-Sanzana, M., Oriol, X., & Miranda, R. (2022). Characterization of well-being and its relationship with exposure to violence in Mexican and Chilean early and late adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Indicators Research, 15, 553-578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09905-1

Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press.

Browne M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Kenneth A. Bollen and J. Scott Long (Eds.). Testing structural equation models. (pp. 136-162). Sage Publication, Inc.

Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757421

Carvalho, M., Branquinho, C., & De Matos, M. G. (2021). Cyberbullying and bullying: Impact on psychological symptoms and well-being. Child Indicators Research, 14, 435-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09756-2

Casas, F. (2016). Children, adolescents, and quality of life: The social science perspective over two decades. In F. Maggino (Ed.), A Life Devoted to Quality of Life. Festschrift in Honor of Alex C. Michalos (pp.3-21. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20568-7_1

Casas, F., & González-Carrasco, M. (2021). Analysing comparability of four multi-item well-being psychometric scales among 35 countries using Children’s Worlds 3rd wave 10 and 12-year-olds samples. Child Indicators Research, 14, 1829-1861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09825-0

Castro-Schilo, L., Grimm, K. J., & Widaman, K. F. (2016). Augmenting the correlated trait-correlated method model for multitrait-multimethod data. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(6), 798-818. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2016.1214919

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness of fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S153280072em0902_5

CNN Indonesia. (2023, 29 May). 251 anak usia SD jadi korban kekerasan di sekolah sepanjang 2023. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230529171523-20-955430/251-anak-usia-sd-jadi-korban-kekerasan-di-sekolah-sepanjang-2023

Corominas, M., González-Carrasco, M., & Casas, F. (2020). The importance of feeling adequately heard by adults and enjoying time with family in relation to children’s subjective well-being. Child Indicators Research, 13, 193-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09680-0

Craig, W., Boniel-Nissim, M., King, N., Walsh, S. D., Boer, M., Donelly, P. D., Harel-Fisch, Y., Malinowska-Cieślik, M., de Matos, M. G., Cosma, A., Van den Eijnden, R., Vieno, A., Elgar, F. J., Molcho, M., Bjereld, Y., & Pickett, W. (2020). Social media use and cyber-bullying: A cross-national analysis of young people in 42 countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(6), S100-S108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.03.006

Cummins, R. A. (2014). Understanding the well-being of children and adolescents through homeostatic theory. In A. Ben-Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frønes, & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child well-being: Theories, methods and policies in globab perspective (pp.635-662). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8

Da, Q., Huang, J., Peng, Z., Chen, Y., & Li, Liping, (2023). Did the prevalence of traditional school bullying increase after COVID-19? Evidence from two-stage cross-sectional study before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 143, 106256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106256

Dewi, C. (2023, 13 June). Indonesia nomor 1 negara dengan kasus cyberbullying terbanyak di dunia, etika berjejaring: Jarimu harimaumu! Bernas. https://www.bernas.id/2023/06/163975/indonesia-nomor-1-negara-dengan-kasus-cyberbullying-terbanyak-di-dunia-etika-berjejaring-jarimu-harimaumu/

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542

Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2015). National accounts of subjective well-being. American Psychological Association, 70(3), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038899

Dorio, N. B., Clark, K. N., Demaray, M. K., & Doll, E. M. (2020). School climate counts: A longitudinal analysis of school climate and middle school bullying behaviors. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 2, 292-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-00038-2

Eden, S., Heiman, T., Olenik-Shemesh, D., & Yablon, Y. B. (2023). Cyberbullying and PIU among adolescents before and during COVID-19 pandemic: The association with adolescents relationships. Youth & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X231169493

Fahlevi, F., & Sutriyanto, E. (2023, Februari 1). 1,895 remaja alami perundungan secara siber, pelakunya 1,182 siswa. https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2023/02/01/1895-remaja-alami-perundungan-secara-siber-pelakunya-1182-siswa

Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Second edition. Sage.

Fontanesi, L., Marchetti, D., Mazza, C., Di Giandomenico, S., Roma, P., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2020). The effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on parents: a call to adopt urgent measures. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 12(S1), S79–S81. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000672

Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Educational International.

Hellfeldt, K., López-Romero, L., & Andershed, H. (2020). Cyberbullying and psychological well-being in young adolescence: The potential protective mediation effects of social support from family, friends, and teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010045

Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.

Hox, J. J., & Bechger, T. M. (1998). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Family Science Review, 11, 354-373.

Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy Jr., J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analyses: An overview and some recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14(1), 6-23. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014694

Jurnal Post. (2021, 22 October). Maraknya cyberbullying di zaman milenial melalui media sosial. Jurnal Post. https://jurnalpost.com/maraknya-cyber-bullying-di-zaman-milenial-melalui-media-sosial/26874/

Kee, D. M., Al-Anesi, M. A., & Al-Anesi, S. A. (2022). Cyberbullying on social media under the influence of COVID-19. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 41(6), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22175

Kementrian Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. (2023, June 21). Pemerintah putuskan Indonesia masuki masa endemi. https://setneg.go.id/baca/index/pemerintah_putuskan_indonesia_masuki_masa_endemi

Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (5th ed.). Guilford.

Literasi Aktual. (2023, 4 May). Mengalami peningkatan, angka kasus bullying di Indonesia tembus 1000 kasus. Literasi Aktual. https://literasiaktual.com/2023/berita/mengalami-peningkatan-angka-kasus-bullying-di-indonesia-lebih-dari-1000-kasus/

Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Morin, A. J. S., & Trautwein, U. (2010). A new look at the big five-factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling. Psychological Assessment, 22(3), 471-491. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0019227

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Blackwell Publisher.

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2015). Measuring cyberbullying: Implication for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.013

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2023). Cyberbullying among Asian American youth before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of School Health, 93(1), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13249

Przybylski, A. K., & Bowes, L. (2017). Cyberbullying and adolescent well-being in England: A population-based cross-sectional study. Child and Adolescent Health, 1(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30011-1

Raskauskas, J., & Stoltz, A. D. (2007). Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 564–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.564

Rees, G., Savahl, S., Lee, B. J., & Casas, F. (Eds.). (2020). Children’s view on their lives and well-being in 35 countries: A report on the Children’s Worlds Project 2016-19. Children’s Worlds Project (ISCWeB). https://isciweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Childrens-Worlds-Comparative-Report-2020.pdf

Repo, J., Herkama, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2022). Bullying interrupted: Victimized students in remote schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Bullying Prevention. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-022-00146-6

Rice, A. (2023, 5 May). WHO says COVID-19 health emergency is over as mortality rates reach all-time now. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/who-declares-end-to-covid-health-emergency-downgrade-pandemic

Rodriguez-Rivas, M. E., Varela, J. J., González, C., & Chuecas, M. J. (2022). The role of family support and conflict in cyberbullying and subjective well-being among Chilean adolescents during the COVID-19 period. Heliyon, 8(4), e09243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09243

Savahl, S., Montserrat, C., Casas, F., Adams, S., Tiliouine, H., Benninger, E., & Jackson, K. (2019). Children’s experiences of bullying victimization and the influence on their subjective well-being: A multinational comparison. Child Development, 90(2), 414-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13135

Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99

Smith, P. K. (2016). Bullying: definition, types, causes, consequences, and intervention. Social Personality Psychology Compass, 10(9), 519-532. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12266

Tanrikulu, I., & Campbell, M. A. (2015). Sibling bullying perpetration: Associations with gender, grade, peer perpetration, trait anger, and moral disengagement. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(6), 1010-1024. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514539763

Thomas, H. J., Connor, J. P., & Scott, J. G. (2015). Integrating traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Challenges of definition and measurement in adolescents – A review. Educational Psychology Review, 27(135-152). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9261-7

Varela, J. J., Sánchez, P. A., De Tezanos-Pinto, P., Chuecas, J., & Benavente, M. (2021). School climate, bullying and mental health among Chilean adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 14, 2249-2264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09834-z

Volk, A. A., Dane, A. V., & Marini, Z. A. (2014). What is bullying? A theoretical redefinition. Developmental Review, 34(4), 327-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.09.001

WHO. (2023). Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the IHR (2005) emergency committee on the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic

Zhao, Z., Liu, G., Nie, Q., Teng., Z., Cheng, G., & Zhang, D. (2021). School climate and bullying victimization among adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Children and Youth Services Review, 131, 106218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106218



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.90980

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 11099 | views : 9718

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Psikologi

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Published by Faculty of Psychology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Building D 6th Floor No. D-606. Jl. Sosio Humaniora No. 1, Bulaksumur Yogyakarta, 55281
Email: jurnalpsikologi@ugm.ac.id
Phone/whatsApp: +6289527548628

Web Analytics Made Easy - StatCounter View My Stats