The Content Analysis of Rorschach in Attesting the Sex Offenders

Lathifah Hanum; Alfath Hanifah Megawati; Cantyo Atindriyo Dannisworo; Bona Sardo Hasoloan Hutahaean; E. Kristi Poerwandari

doi:10.22146/jpsi.66614

The Content Analysis of Rorschach in Attesting the Sex Offenders

https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.66614

Lathifah Hanum^(1*), Alfath Hanifah Megawati⁽²⁾, Cantyo Atindriyo Dannisworo⁽³⁾, Bona Sardo Hasoloan Hutahaean⁽⁴⁾, E. Kristi Poerwandari⁽⁵⁾

(1) Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia
(2) Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia
(3) Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia
(4) Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia
(5) Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

The Rorschach test is one of the psychological tests widely used in various assessment settings, including in studies related to sexual offenses. However, such research is scarce, although the level of sexual violence in Indonesia increases yearly. Sexual violence is often associated with the sexual drives that humans have in themselves. In this case, Rorschach can provide an overview of the individual's drives, ideas, and social relationships. The current study aims to find the personality profiles of sex offenders. Therefore, this study collected Rorschach data from 46 male sex offenders over 11 years in Depok City, Indonesia. Based on content analysis, this study found several prominent characteristics of sex offenders, such as exhibited difficulties in adaptation due to low intellectual capacity, poor emotional regulation, and empathy that other causes difficulty to build strong relationships with others. They also suppress sexual urges, but they were more likely to express it impulsively with low intellectual capacity and emotional regulation. These various personality characteristics possessed by sex offenders will undoubtedly impact the intervention process they go through to gain insight from their experience. The results are expected to be an input for developing interventions for sex offenders not to repeat their actions in the future.

Keywords

content analysis; male; Rorschach; sex offender

Full Text:

PDF

References

Arnon, Z., Maoz, G., Gazit, T., & Klein, E. (2011). Rorschach indicators of PTSD. Rorschachiana.

Belcher, P. L. (1995). A comparison of male adolescent sexual offenders using the Rorschach (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9536333).

Benjestorf, S. T., Viglione, D. J., Lamb, J. D., & Giromini, L. (2013). Suppression of aggressive Rorschach responses among violent offenders and nonoffenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(15), 2981–3003. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513488688

Breedy, Rojas, A. L. (1995). On the use of the Rorschach in the assessment of psychological functioning following sexual abuse in adolescent girls: A research note. Rorschachiana, 20(1), 188-204. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.20.1.188.

Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Robichaud, L. K., & Christensen, B. K. (2005). Quantitative reanalysis of aggregate data on IQ in sexual offenders. Psychological Bulletin, 131(4), 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.555

Cerney, M. S. (1995). Treating the “heroic treaters.”. Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized, 23, 131-149.

Craig, L. A., Stringer, I., & Sanders, C. E. (2012). Treating sexual offenders with intellectual limitations in the community. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 14(1), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636641211204423.

De Almeida Beckmann, C. A. & da Costa, I. I. (2019). Rorschach as a tool in the psychological assessment of families with patients with schizophrenia: A literature review. Rorschachiana, 40(1), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000107.

Dewangan, R. L., & Roy, P. K. (2015). A study on social desirability biasness in Rorschach inkblot test. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 22(1), 24-29. Retrieved from https://remote-lib.ui.ac.id:2076/docview/1677218266?accountid=17242

Evans, F. B. (2017). An interpersonal approach to Rorschach interpretation. Rorschachiana. 38(1), 33-48.

Exner, J. E., Jr. (2003). Basic foundations and principles of interpretation. The Rorschach: A comprehensive system (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Exner Jr, J. E., & Erdberg, P. (2005). The Rorschach, a comprehensice system (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons Incorporated.

Fontan, P., Andronikof, A., Mattlar, C., & Mormont, C. (2016). Dimensions of the Rorschach comprehensive system: Parallel analysis and principal component analysis of a European adult nonpatient sample. Rorschachiana, 37(2), 114-146. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000079

Gabriel, T., & Opgenoorth, E. (2000). Rorschach content and coping type. Rorschachiana, 24(1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.24.1.39

Gacono, C. B., Meloy, J. R., & Bridges, M. R. (2000). A Rorschach comparison of psychopaths, sexual homicide perpetrators, and nonviolent pedophiles: Where angels fear to tread. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 757-777. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200006)56:6<757:AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-I.

Gandino, G. (2019). Rorschach test and systemic theory: A proposal of a qualitative method for content analysis. Rorschachiana, 40(1), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000111

Gannon, T. A., King, T., Miles, H., Lockerbie, L., & Willis, G. M. (2011). Invited paper: Good lives sexual offender treatment for mentally disordered offenders. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 13(3), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636641111157805

Goldstein, K. (1938). Review of introduction to the rorschach method: A manual of personality study. Psychological Bulletin, 35(10), 787-788. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0052734

Grossman, L. S., Wasyliw, O. E., Benn, A. F., & Gyoerkoe, K. L. (2002). Can sex offenders who minimize on the MMPI conceal psychopathology on the Rorschach? Journal of Personality Assessment, 78(3), 484-501. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7803_07

Groth-Marnat, G. (2009). Handbook of psychological assessment (5^th Edition). John Wiley & Sons. Hughes, S. A., Deville, C., Chalhoub, M., & Romboletti, R. (1992). The Rorschach human anatomy response: Predicting sexual offending behavior in Juveniles. The Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 20(3), 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/009318539202000303.

Khalily, M. T. (2009). Personality characteristics of addicts and non-addicts determined through Rorschach findings. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 40(1). Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A240262688/AONE?u=capes&sid=AONE&xid=77d8309e

Klopfer, B., Ainsworth, M. D., Klopfer, W. G., & Holt, R. R. (1954). Developments in the Rorschach technique. Vol. I. Technique and theory.

Klopfer, B., & Davidson, H. H. (1962). The Rorschach technique: An introductory manual. Harcourt College Pub.

Lagan, H. D. (2009). Social functioning, boundary disturbance, and hostility in roman catholic priest pedophiles and ephebophiles (Order No. 3382660). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (305132153). Retrieved from https://remote-lib.ui.ac.id:2076/docview/305132153?accountid=17242

Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Dumitrascu, N., & Bombel, G. (2013). The validity of individual rorschach variables: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the comprehensive system. Psychological Bulletin, 139(3), 548-605. doi:http://remote-lib.ui.ac.id:2068/10.1037/a0029406

Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Bombel, G., & Dumitrascu, N. (2015). Standards, accuracy, and questions of bias in rorschach meta-analyses: Reply to wood, garb, nezworski, lilienfeld, and duke (2015). Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 250-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038445

Miyaguchi, K., & Shirataki, S. (2014). Executive functioning problems of juvenile sex offenders with low levels of measured intelligence. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 39(3), 253. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2014.925103

Morgan, L., & Viglione, D. J. (1992). Sexual disturbances, Rorschach sexual responses, and mediating factors. Psychological Assessment, 4(4), 530-536. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.

Newsome, L. J. (2011). The use of Rorschach scales in distinguishing roman catholic clergy sex-offenders from non-offenders on narcissism, dependency, immaturity, and sexualization (Order No. 3463870). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (880629558). Retrieved from https://remote-lib.ui.ac.id:2076/docview/880629558?accountid=17242

Peterson, C. A. (2010). The encounter with the unfamiliar. Rorschachiana. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000006

Ryan, G. P., Baerwald, J. P., & McGlone, G. (2008). Cognitive mediational deficits and the role of coping styles in pedophile and ephebophile roman catholic clergy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 1-16. Retrieved from https://remote-lib.ui.ac.id:2076/docview/70170572?accountid=17242.

Riquelme, J. J. M., & Perfetti, E. H. (2000). Rorschach in women victims of rape. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 7(2), 133.

Schott, G. D. (2014). Revisiting the Rorschach ink-blots: from iconography and psychology to neuroscience. Journal of Neurology, Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 85(6), 699-706.

Seto, M. C., & Lalumière, M. L. (2010). What is so special about male adolescent sexual offending? A review and test of explanations through meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 526-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019700

Szymanski, D. M., Moffitt, L. B., & Carr, E. R. (2011). Sexual objectification of women: advances to theory and research 1ψ7. The Counseling Psychologist, 39(1), 6-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000010378402

Wood, J. M., Lilienfeld, S. O., Nezworski, M. T., Garb, H. N., Allen, K. H., & Wildermuth, J. L. (2010). Validity of Rorschach inkblot scores for discriminating psychopaths from nonpsychopaths in forensic populations: A meta-analysis. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 336-349. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018998

Wood, J. M., Garb, H. N., Nezworski, M. T., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Duke, M. C. (2015). A second look at the validity of widely used Rorschach indices: Comment on Mihura, Meyer, Dumitrascu, and Bombel (2013). Psychological Bulletin, 141, 236-249. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036005

Young Jerald V Justice, M. H., & Edberg, P. (2010). Sexual offenders in prison psychiatric treatment: A biopsychosocial description. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(1), 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X08322373

Zeligman, R. (2019). A psychoanalytic conceptualization of human movement in the rorschach: A case study of trauma. Psychoanalytic Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000250

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.66614

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 4951 |

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Published by Faculty of Psychology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Building D 6th Floor No. D-606. Jl. Sosio Humaniora No. 1, Bulaksumur Yogyakarta, 55281
Email: jurnalpsikologi@ugm.ac.id
Phone/whatsApp: +6289527548628

View My Stats

Username
Password
Remember me