Physicochemical Characterization of Chitosan-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid Material for Ofloxacin Delivery

Zainab Jasim Khudair; Zeina Mohammad Kadam

doi:10.22146/ijc.97160

Physicochemical Characterization of Chitosan-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid Material for Ofloxacin Delivery

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.97160

Zainab Jasim Khudair^(1*), Zeina Mohammad Kadam⁽²⁾

(1) Department of Science, College of Basic Education, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Qishla, Samawah 66001, Iraq
(2) Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Qadisiyah University, Um-Alkhail, Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

The present study involved the synthesis of a bioactive composite material using chitosan (CS) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through the free radical polymerization method. The resulting composite material was comprehensively characterized using various experimental techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The quantification of the swelling behavior involved the measurement of changes in the weight of the sample as a function of the time it was immersed in an aqueous buffered solution. The findings indicated that the maximum drug-loading rate of ofloxacin medication (OFL) was 86%. Moreover, the pH sensitivity of the poly acrylic acid grafting multi-walled carbon nanotubes p(CS-co-AA)/MWCNTs nanocomposite facilitated the substantial release of a significant quantity of medication in aqueous buffered solution at a pH of 1.2. The average rate of drug release was measured to be 76% after 72 h duration. On the other hand, the release of the drug at pH 5 and 7.4 was 42% and 32%, respectively. According to the reported findings, the p(CS-co-AA)/MWCNTs carrier has a favorable capacity to control the release of the OFL drug into the intended medium while reducing potential negative effects.

Keywords

MWCNT; ofloxacin drug; drug loading; swelling ratio; in vitro release

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Basher, N.A., and Ali, A.A., 2022, Hydrothermal Synthesis and application of nanocomposite as a demulsifier in crude oil processing, Egypt. J. Chem., 65 (6), 741–752.‏

[2] Sahu, M.K., Yadav, R., and Tiwari, S.P., 2023, Recent advances in nanotechnology, Int. J. Nanomater. Nanotechnol. Nanomed., 9 (1), 15–23.‏

[3] Panigrahi, B.K., and Nayak, A.K., 2020, Carbon nanotubes: An emerging drug delivery carrier in cancer therapeutics, Curr. Drug Delivery, 17 (7), 558–576.

[4] Mekuye, B., and Abera, B., 2023, Nanomaterials: An overview of synthesis, classification, characterization, and applications, Nano Sel., 4 (8), 486–501.

[5] Baig, N., Kammakakam, I., and Falath, W., 2021, Nanomaterials: A review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges, Mater. Adv., 2 (6), 1821–1871.

[6] Mahor, A., Singh, P.P., Bharadwaj, P., Sharma, N., Yadav, S., Rosenholm, J.M., and Bansal, K.K., 2021, Carbon-based nanomaterials for delivery of biologicals and therapeutics: A cutting-edge technology, C, 7 (1), 19.‏

[7] Subagio, A., Prihastanti, E., and Ngadiwiyana, N., 2020, Application of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for growth enhancement of mustard seed germination, Indones. J. Chem., 20 (1), 120–129.‏

[8] Yudianti, R., Hutabarat, L.G., Irmawati, Y., Widodo, H., Indayaningsih, N., and Magfirah, A., 2020, Carbon nanotube network as an electron pathway in nanocomposite films, Int. J. Mater. Res., 111 (3), 197–203.‏

[9] Lavagna, L., Nisticò, R., Musso, S., and Pavese, M., 2021, Functionalization as a way to enhance dispersion of carbon nanotubes in matrices: A review, Mater. Today Chem., 20, 100477.

[10] Wu, Y., Zhao, X., Shang, Y., Chang, S., Dai, L., and Cao, A., 2021, Application-driven carbon nanotube functional materials, ACS Nano, 15 (5), 7946–7974.‏

[11] Rathinavel, S., Priyadharshini, K., and Panda, D., 2021, A review on carbon nanotube: An overview of synthesis, properties, functionalization, characterization, and the application, Mater. Sci. Eng., B, 268, 115095.‏

[12] Singhai, N.J., and Ramteke, S., 2020, Functionalized carbon nanotubes: Emerging applications in the diverse biomedical arena, Curr. Nanosci., 16 (2), 170–186.‏

[13] Aslam, M.M.A., Kuo, H.W., Den, W., Usman, M., Sultan, M., and Ashraf, H., 2021, Functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for water and wastewater treatment: preparation to application, Sustainability, 13 (10), 5717.‏

[14] Chio, L., Pinals, R.L., Murali, A., Goh, N.S., and Landry, M.P., 2020, Covalent surface modification effects on single‐walled carbon nanotubes for targeted sensing and optical imaging, Adv. Funct. Mater., 30 (17), 1910556.‏

[15] Jha, R., Singh, A., Sharma, P.K., and Fuloria, N.K., 2020, Smart carbon nanotubes for drug delivery system: A comprehensive study, J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol., 58, 101811.‏

[16] Dubey, R., Dutta, D., Sarkar, A., and Chattopadhyay, P., 2021, Functionalized carbon nanotubes: Synthesis, properties and applications in water purification, drug delivery, and material and biomedical sciences, Nanoscale Adv., 3 (20), 5722–5744.‏

[17] Sonowal, L., and Gautam, S., 2024, Advancements and challenges in carbon nanotube-based drug delivery systems, Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects, 38, 101117.‏

[18] Debnath, S.K., and Srivastava, R., 2021, Drug delivery with carbon-based nanomaterials as versatile nanocarriers: Progress and prospects, Front. Nanotechnol., 3, 644564.‏

[19] Das, S.S., Bharadwaj, P., Bilal, M., Barani, M., Rahdar, A., Taboada, P., Bungau, S., and Kyzas, G.Z., 2020, Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanocarriers for drug delivery, imaging, and theragnosis, Polymers, 12 (6), 1397.‏

[20] Bai, L., Li, X., He, L., Zheng, Y., Lu, H., Li, J., Zhong, L., Tong, R., Jiang, Z., Shi, J., and Li, J., 2019, Antidiabetic potential of flavonoids from traditional Chinese medicine: A review, Am. J. Chin. Med., 47 (05), 933–957.‏

[21] Sharma, P., and Scott, D.G.I., 2015, Optimizing methotrexate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: The case for subcutaneous methotrexate prior to biologics, Drugs, 75 (17), 1953–1956.‏

[22] Kurban, M., and Muz, İ., 2020, Theoretical investigation of the adsorption behaviors of fluorouracil as an anticancer drug on pristine and B-, Al-, Ga-doped C36 nanotube, J. Mol. Liq., 309, 113209.‏

[23] Khezri, B., Beladi Mousavi, S.M., Krejčová, L., Heger, Z., Sofer, Z., and Pumera, M., 2019, Ultrafast electrochemical trigger drug delivery mechanism for nanographene micromachines, Adv. Funct. Mater., 29 (4), 1806696.‏

[24] Campuzano, S., Esteban-Fernández de Ávila, B., Yáñez-Sedeño, P., Pingarrón, J.M., and Wang, J., 2017, Nano/microvehicles for efficient delivery and (bio)sensing at the cellular level, Chem. Sci., 8 (10), 6750–6763.‏

[25] Raj, H., Sharma, S., Sharma, A., Verma, K.K., and Chaudhary, A., 2021, A novel drug delivery system: Review on microspheres, J. Drug Delivery Ther., 11 (2-S), 156–161.‏

[26] Kompella, U.B., Hartman, R.R., and Patil, M.A., 2021, Extraocular, periocular, and intraocular routes for sustained drug delivery for glaucoma, Prog. Retinal Eye Res., 82, 100901.‏

[27] Moiseev, R.V., Morrison, P.W.J., Steele, F., and Khutoryanskiy, V.V., 2019, Penetration enhancers in ocular drug delivery, Pharmaceutics, 11 (7), 321.‏

[28] Rashki, S., Asgarpour, K., Tarrahimofrad, H., Hashemipour, M., Ebrahimi, M.S., Fathizadeh, H., Khorshidi, A., Khan, H., Marzhoseyni, Z., Salavati-Niasari, M., and Mirzaei, H., 2021, Chitosan-based nanoparticles against bacterial infections, Carbohydr. Polym., 251, 117108.‏

[29] Rusu, A., Munteanu, A.C., Arbănași, E.M., and Uivarosi, V., 2023, Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: New drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile?, Pharmaceutics, 15 (3), 804.‏

[30] Khudair, Z.J., and Kadam, Z.M., 2024, Adsorption behavior of Chitosan-MWCNTS nanocomposite for the elimination of ofloxacin medication, Chem. J. Mold., 19 (1), 84–92.‏

[31] Wang, Z., Ning, A., Xie, P., Gao, G., Xie, L., Li, X., and Song, A., 2017, Synthesis and swelling behaviors of carboxymethyl cellulose-based superabsorbent resin hybridized with graphene oxide, Carbohydr. Polym., 157, 48–56.‏

[32] Enayatpour, B., Rajabi, M., Yari, M., Reza Mirkhan, S.M., Najafi, F., Moradi, O., Bharti, A.K., Agarwal, S., and Gupta, V.K., 2017, Adsorption/desorption study of proteins onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes and amino multi-walled carbon nanotubes surfaces as adsorbents, J. Mol. Liq., 231, 566–571.‏

[33] Pourjavadi, A., Hosseinzadeh, H., and Sadeghi, M., 2007, Synthesis, characterization and swelling behavior of gelatin-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites, J. Compos. Mater., 41 (17), 2057–2069.‏

[34] Witono, J.R., Noordergraaf, I.W., Heeres, H.J., and Janssen, L.P.B.M., 2014, Water absorption, retention and the swelling characteristics of cassava starch grafted with polyacrylic acid, Carbohydr. Polym., 103, 325–332.‏

[35] Chang, L., Xu, L., Liu, Y., and Qiu, D., 2021, Superabsorbent polymers used for agricultural water retention, Polym. Test., 94, 107021.‏

[36] Pathania, D., Gupta, D., Kothiyal, N.C., Sharma, G., Eldesoky, G.E., and Naushad, M., 2016, Preparation of a novel chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)/Zn nanocomposite hydrogel and its applications for controlled drug delivery of ofloxacin, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 84, 340–348.‏

[37] Shi, Q., Anishiya Chella Daisy, E.R., Yang, G., Zhang, J., Mickymaray, S., Alfaiz, F.A., Paramasivam, A., and Rajan, M., 2021, Multifeatured guar gum armed drug delivery system for the delivery of ofloxacin drug to treat ophthalmic dieases, Arabian J. Chem., 14 (5), 103118.‏

[38] Kaya, D., Küçükada, K., and Alemdar, N., 2019, Modeling the drug release from reduced graphene oxide-reinforced hyaluronic acid/gelatin/poly(ethylene oxide) polymeric films, Carbohydr. Polym., 215, 189–197.‏

[39] Liu, Q., Xu, K., Hu, G., Zeng, F., Li, X., Li, C., and Zhang, Y., 2022, Underwater superelastic MOF/polyacrylamide/chitosan composite aerogel for efficient 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid adsorption, Colloids Surf., A, 635, 127970.‏

[40] Yang, H., Yan, R., Chen, H., Lee, D.H., and Zheng, C., 2007, Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis, Fuel, 86 (12-13), 1781–1788.‏

[41] Long, Y.M., Zhao, X.C., Clermont, A.C., Zhou, Q.F., Liu, Q., Feener, E.P., Yan, B., and Jiang, G.B., 2016, Negatively charged silver nanoparticles cause retinal vascular permeability by activating plasma contact system and disrupting adherens junction, Nanotoxicology, 10 (4), 501–511.‏

[42] Ginés, L., Mandal, S., Ahmed, A.I., Cheng, C.L., Sow, M., and Williams, O.A., 2017, Positive zeta potential of nanodiamonds, Nanoscale, 9 (34), 12549–12555.‏

[43] Rohindra, D.R., Nand, A.V., and Khurma, J.R., 2004, Swelling properties of chitosan hydrogels, South Pac. J. Nat. Appl. Sci., 22 (1), 32–35.‏

[44] Yang, J., Dahlström, C., Edlund, H., Lindman, B., and Norgren, M., 2019, pH-responsive cellulose–chitosan nanocomposite films with slow release of chitosan, Cellulose, 26 (6), 3763–3776.‏

[45] Zargar, V., Asghari, M., and Dashti, A., 2015, A review on chitin and chitosan polymers: Structure, chemistry, solubility, derivatives, and applications, ChemBioEng Rev., 2 (3), 204–226.‏

[46] Liu, H., Liu, M., Zhang, L., Ma, L., Chen, J., and Wang, Y., 2010, Dual-stimuli sensitive composites based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels, React. Funct. Polym., 70 (5), 294–300.‏

[47] Sharma, S., Kaur, J., Sharma, G., Thakur, K.K., Chauhan, G.S., and Chauhan, K., 2013, Preparation and characterization of pH-responsive guar gum microspheres, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 62, 636–641.‏

[48] Lestari, W.A., Wahyuningsih, S., Gomez-Ruiz, S., and Wibowo, F.R., 2022, Drug loading ability and release study of various size small mesoporous silica nanoparticle as drug carrier, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2190 (1), 012032.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.97160