Microencapsulation of Chromolaena odorata Leaf Extract with Cellulose Esters for the Application as an Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Agent

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.95841

Jiraporn Ketwaraporn(1*), Somyod Pinthong(2), Rungnapha Kerdphu(3), Surahani Daebau(4), Parinya Kraivuttinun(5), Pongthep Jansanthea(6)

(1) Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit 53000, Thailand
(2) Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit 53000, Thailand
(3) Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit 53000, Thailand
(4) Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit 53000, Thailand
(5) Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit 53000, Thailand
(6) Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit 53000, Thailand
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The aim of this work is to develop an eco-friendly antibacterial agent in the form of microcapsules containing extract from Chromolaena odorata leaves using the solvent evaporation method. The wall materials for encapsulating were tested with various cellulose esters including cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), and cellulose acetate propionate (CAP). The evaluation of microcapsules containing C. odorata leaf extract was focused on their encapsulation efficiency, size, shape, thermal stability, and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that CAB was a suitable wall material for the encapsulation of C. odorata leaf extract. The CAB microcapsules exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency, which was 65.82 ± 3.07. The size of CAB microcapsules was the smallest, at 1013.3 ± 66.5 nm. According to the thermogravimetric analysis, the prepared microcapsules were able to protect the extract of C. odorata leaves from the environment. Moreover, the CAB microcapsules containing C. odorata leaf extract showed the best antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Stapphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The minimum bactericidal concentration of the microcapsules was 25.6 mg/mL in both bacteria. This study proved the potential application of C. odorata leaf extract as a biomaterial in diverse industries in the future.


Keywords


Chromolaena odorata; microencapsulation; antibacterial agent; cellulose ester

Full Text:

Full Text PDF


References

[1] Das, A., and Satyaprakashj, K., 2018, Antimicrobial properties of natural products: A review, Pharma. Innovation, 7 (6), 532–537.

[2] Koh, E., and Hong, K.H., 2014, Gallnut extract-treated wool and cotton for developing green functional textiles, Dyes Pigm., 103, 222–227.

[3] Karypidis, M., Karanikas, E., Papadaki, A., and Andriotis, E.G., 2023, A mini-review of synthetic organic and nanoparticle antimicrobial agents for coatings in textile applications, Coatings, 13 (4), 693.

[4] Anyanwu, S., Inyang, I.J., Asemota, E.A., Obioma, O.O., Okpokam, D.C., and Agu, V.O., 2017, Effect of ethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata on the kidneys and intestines of healthy albino rats, Integr. Med. Res., 6 (3), 292–299.

[5] Hu, J., Qi, Q., Zhu, Y., Wen, C., Olatunji, O.J., Jayeoye, T.J., and Eze, F.N., 2023, Unveiling the anticancer antimicrobial antioxidative properties and UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/GC-MS metabolite profile of the lipophilic extract of siam weed (Chromolaena odorata), Arabian J. Chem., 16 (7), 104834.

[6] Dew, L.A., Rozen-Rechels, D., le Roux, E., Cromsigt, J.P.G.M., and te Beest, M., 2017, Evaluating the efficacy of invasive plant control in response to ecological factors, S. Afr. J. Bot., 109, 203–213.

[7] Alara, O.R., and Abdurahman, N.H., 2019, GC-MS and FTIR analyses of oils from Hibiscus sabdariffa, Stima maydis and Chromolaena odorata leaf obtained from Malaysia: Potential sources of fatty acids, Chem. Data Collect., 20, 100200.

[8] Pel, P., Chae, H., Nhoek, P., Kim, Y.M., Khiev, P., Kim, G.J., Nam, J.W., Choi, H., Choi, Y.H., and Chin, Y.W., 2020, Stilbene dimer and flavonoids from the aerial parts of Chromolaena odorata with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kevin type 9 expression inhibitory activity, Bioorg. Chem., 99, 103869.

[9] Onkaramurthy, M., Veerapur, V.P., Thippeswamy, B.S., Madhusudana R.T.N., Rayappa, H., and Badami, S., 2013, Anti-diabetic and anti-cataract effects of Chromolaena odorata Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, J. Ethanopharmacol., 145 (1), 363–372.

[10] Eze, F.N., and Jayeoye, T.J., 2021, Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed): A natural reservoir of bioactive compounds with potent anti-fibrillogenic, antioxidative, and cytocompatible properties, Biomed. Pharmacother., 141, 111811.

[11] Alara, O.R., Nour, A.H., and Abdul Mudalip, S.K., 2019, Screening of microwave-assisted-batch extraction parameters for recovering total phenolic and flavonoid contents from Chromolaena odorata leaves through two-level factorial design, Indones J. Chem., 19 (2), 511–521.

[12] Omokhua, A.G., Ondua, M., van Staden, J., and McGaw, L.J., 2019, Synergistic activity of extracts of three South African alien invasive weeds combined with conventional antibiotics against selected opportunistic pathogens, S. Afr. J. Bot., 124, 251–257.

[13] Omotuyi, O.I, Nash, O., Enejoh, O.A., Oribamise, E.I., and Adelakun, N.S., 2020, Chromolaena odorata flavonoids attenuate experimental nephropathy: Involvement of pro-inflammatory genes downregulation, Toxicol. Rep., 7, 1421–1427.

[14] Omokhua-Uyi, A.G., Madikizela, B., Aro, A.O., Abdalla, M.A., Van Staden, J., and McGaw, L.J., 2023, Flavonoids of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. as potential leads for treatment against tuberculosis, S. Afr. J. Bot., 158, 158–165.

[15] Gade, S., Rajamanikyam, M., Vadlapudi, V., Nukala, K.M., Aluvala, R., Giddigari, C., Karanam, N.J., Barua, N.C., Pandey, R., Upadhyayula, V.S.V., Sripadi, P., Amanchy, R., and Upadhyayula, S.M., 2017, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of stigmasterol & hexacosanol is responsible for larvicidal and repellent properties, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Gen. Subj., 1861 (3), 541–550.

[16] Omokhua, A.G., McGaw, L.J., Finnie, J.F., and Van Staden, J., 2016, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae) in sub-Saharan Africa: A synthesis and review of its medicinal potential, J. Ethnopharmacol., 183, 112–122.

[17] Nwachukwu, I., Aliga, C., Upabi, C.F., and Ukogo, I., 2016, In-vitro antibacterial effect of crude extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves on wound isolates, IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 11 (6), 49–52.

[18] Hridhya, K.V., and Kulandhaivel, M., 2017, Antimicrobial activity of Chromolaena odorata against selected pyogenic pathogens, Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res., 9 (7), 1001–1007.

[19] Omokhua, A.G., McGaw, L.J., Chukwujekwu, J.C., Finnie, J.F., and Van Staden, J., 2017, A comparison of the antimicrobial activity and in vitro toxicity of a medicinally useful biotype of invasive Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) with a biotype not used in traditional medicine, S. Afr. J. Bot., 108, 200–208.

[20] Vijayaraghavan, K., Rajkumar, J., and Seyed, A.M., 2018, Phytochemical screening, free radical scavenging and antimicrobial potential of Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts against pathogenic bacterium in wound infections– a multispectrum perspective, Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 15, 103–112.

[21] Yoplac, I., Vargas, L., Robert, P., and Hidalgo, A., 2021, Characterization and antimicrobial activity of microencapsulated citral with dextrin by spray drying, Heliyon, 7 (4), e06737.

[22] Lengyel, M., Kállai-Szabó, N., Antal, V., Laki, A.J., and Antal, I., 2019, Microparticles, microspheres, and microcapsules for advanced drug delivery, Sci. Pharm., 87 (3), 20.

[23] Bah, M.G., Bilal, H.M., and Wang, J., 2020, Fabrication and application of complex microcapsules: A review, Soft Matter, 16 (3), 570-590.

[24] Lombardo, S., and Villares, A., 2020, Engineered multilayer microcapsules based on polysaccharides nanomaterials, Molecules, 25 (19), 4420.

[25] Sharkawy, A., Fernandes, I.P., Barreiro, M.F., Rodrigues, A.E., and Shoeib, T., 2017, Aroma-loaded microcapsules with antibacterial activity for eco-friendly textile application: Synthesis, characterization, release, and green grafting, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 56 (19), 5516–5526.

[26] Xue, W., Zhang, M., Zhao, F., Wang, F., Goa, J., and Wang, L., 2019, Long-term durability antibacterial microcapsules with plant-derived Chinese nutgall and their applications in wound dressing, e-Polym., 19 (1), 268–276.

[27] Sun, X., Cameron, R.G., and Bai, J., 2019, Microencapsulation and antimicrobial activity of carvacrol in a pectin-alginate matrix, Food Hydrocolloids, 92, 69–73.

[28] Cai, C., Ma, R., Duan, M., and Lu, D., 2019, Preparation and antimicrobial activity of thyme essential oil microcapsules prepared with gum arabic, RSC Adv., 9 (34), 19740–19747.

[29] Ambrosio, C.M.S., Alvim, I.D., Contreras Castillo, C.J., and Da Gloria, E.M., 2020, Microencapsulation enhances the in vitro antibacterial activity of a citrus essential oil, J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants, 23 (5), 985–997.

[30] Julaeha, E., Puspita, S., Eddy, D.R., Wahydi, T., Nurzaman, M., Nugraha, J., Herlina, T., and Al Anshori, J., 2021, Microencapsulation of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) oil for antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric, RSC Adv., 11 (3), 1743–1749.

[31] Li, X., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Li, Y., Liu, H., Yang, Z., Wu, H., and Hu, Y., 2022, Formation of cinnamon essential oil/xanthan gum/chitosan composite microcapsules basing on Pickering emulsions, Colloid Polym. Sci., 300 (10), 1187–1195.

[32] Demir, D., Goksen, G., Ceylan, S., Trif, M., and Rusu, A.V., 2023, Optimized peppermint essential oil microcapsules loaded into gelatin-based cryogels with enhanced antimicrobial activity, Polymers, 15 (13), 2782.

[33] Zhang, Q., Yang, A., Tan, W., and Yang, W., 2023, Development, physicochemical properties, and antibacterial activity of propolis microcapsules, Foods, 12 (17), 3191.

[34] Xu, Q., Song, L., Zhang, L., Hu, G., Chen, Q., Liu, E., Liu, Y., Zheng, Q., Xie, H., and Li, N., 2018, Synthesis of cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butyrate in a CO2/DBU/DMSO system, Cellulose, 25 (1), 205–216.

[35] Carolin C, F., Kamalesh, T., Kumar, P.S., Hemavathy, R.V., and Rangasamy, G., 2023, A critical review on sustainable cellulose materials and its multifaceted applications, Ind. Crops Prod., 203, 117221.

[36] Pang, L., Gao, Z., Feng, H., Wang, S., and Wang, Q., 2019, Cellulose based materials for controlled release formulations of agrochemicals: A review of modifications and applications, J. Controlled Release, 316, 105–115.

[37] Obeidat, W.M., and Alizoubi, N.M., 2014, Controlled-release cellulose esters matrices for water-soluble diclofenac sodium: compression and dissolution studies, Pharmazie, 69 (2), 96–103.

[38] Simões, M.G., Coimbra, P., Carreira, A.S., Figueiredo, M.M., Gil, M.H., and Simões, P.N., 2020, Eugenol-loaded microspheres incorporated into textile substrate, Cellulose, 27 (7), 4109–4121.

[39] Baldelli, A., Boraey, M.A., Nobes, D.S., and Vehring, R., 2015, Analysis of the particle formation process of structured microparticles, Mol. Pharmaceutics, 12 (8), 2562–2573.

[40] Varshosaz, J., Taymouri, S., Jafari, E., Jahanian-Najafabadi, A., and Taheri, A., 2018, Formation and characterization of cellulose acetate butyrate nanoparticles loaded with nevirapine for HIV treatment, J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol., 48, 9–20.

[41] Amini Tapouk, F., Nabizadeh, R., Mirzaei, N., Hosseini Jazani, N., Yousefi, M., and Valizade Hasanloei, M.A., 2020, Comparative efficacy of hospital disfectants against nosocomial infection pathogens, Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control, 9 (1), 115.

[42] Topel, S.D., Balcioglu, S., Ateş, B., Asilturk, M., Topel, Ö., and Ericson, M.B., 2021, Cellulose acetate encapsulated upconversion nanoparticles - A novel theranostic platform, Mater. Today Commun., 26, 101829.

[43] Wang, W., Li, L., Jin, S., Wang, Y., Lan, G., and Chen, Y., 2020, Study on cellulose acetate butyrate/plasticizer systems by molecular dynamics simulation and experimental characterization, Polymers, 12 (6), 1272.

[44] Kwon, Y.R., Kim, H.C., Kim, J.S., So, J.H., Chang, Y.W., and Kim, D.H., 2022, Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of chain-extended waterborne polyurethane coatings with cellulose acetate butyrate, Polymers, 14 (19), 4062.

[45] Oprea, M., and Voicu, S.I., 2020, Recent advances in composites based on cellulose derivatives for biomedical applications, Carbohydr. Polym., 247, 116683.

[46] Afiqah, S., Murtadza, A., Jai, J., Md Zaki, N.A., and Hamzah, F., 2021, Essential oils encapsulation performance evaluation: A review on encapsulation parameters, MJCET, 4 (2), 114–123.

[47] Wondrazek, H., Petzold-Welcke, K., Fardim, P., and Heinze, T., 2013, Nanoparticles from conventional cellulose esters: Evaluation of preparation methods, Cellulose, 20 (2), 751–760.

[48] Guastaferro, M., Cardea, S., Baldino, L., and Reverchon, E., 2021, Cellulose acetate nanocarrier production by supercritical assisted electrospray, Chem. Eng. Trans., 87, 391–396.

[49] Urbaniak, T., and Musiał, W., 2019, Influence of solvent evaporation technique parameters on diameter of submicron lamivudine-poly-ɛ-caprolactone conjugate particles, Nanomaterials, 9 (9), 1240.

[50] Peng, B., Almeqdadi, M., Laroche, F., Palantavida, S., Dokukin, M., Roper, J., Yilmaz, O.H., Feng, H., and Sokolov, I., 2019, Ultrabright fluorescent cellulose acetate nanoparticles for imaging tumors through systemic and topical applications, Mater. Today, 23, 16–25.

[51] Aprilia, N.A.S., Fauzi, F., Azmi, N., Najwan, N., and Amin, A., 2017, Performance of cellulose acetate membrane with different additives for palm oil mill effluent (POME) liquid waste treatment, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 334 (1), 12024–12030.

[52] Abdellah Ali, S.F., William, L.A., and Fadi, E.A., 2020, Cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butyrate membranes for water desalination applications, Cellulose, 27 (16), 9525–9543.

[53] Abu-Zurayk, R., Alnairat, N., Khalaf, A., Ibrahim, A.A., and Halaweh, G., 2023, Cellulose acetate membranes: Fouling types and antifouling strategies—A brief review, Processes, 11 (2), 489.

[54] Onda, A.J.A., Aquino, J.A., Mondala, P.A.B., and Bulatao, B.P.I., 2020, Evaluation of factors affecting the microencapsulation of mefenamic acid with cellulose acetate phthalate, Pharm. Sci. Asia, 47 (2), 130–141.

[55] Quintero, R.I., Galotto, M.J., Rodriguez, F., and Guarda, A., 2014, Preparation and characterization of cellulose acetate butyrate/oganoclay nanocomposites produced by extrusion, Packag. Technol. Sci., 27 (6), 495–507.

[56] Dairi, N., Ferfere-Harrar, H., Ramos, M., and Garrigós, M.C., 2019, Cellulose acetate/AgNPs-organoclay and/or thymol nano-biocomposite films combined antimicrobial/antioxidant properties for active food packaging use, Int. J. Biol, Macromol., 121, 508–523.

[57] Jeon, G.W., An, J.E., and Jeong, Y.G., 2012, High performance cellulose acetate propionate composites reinforced with exfoliated graphene, Composites, Part B, 43 (8), 3412–3418.

[58] Alghamdi, M.M., and El-Zahhar, A.A., 2021, Cellulose acetate butyrate graphene oxide nanocomposite membrane: Fabrication, characterization and performance, Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q., 27 (1), 35–44.

[59] Watanabe, T., Sakai, Y., Sugimori, N., Ikeda, T., Monzen, M., and Ono, T., 2022, Microfluidic production of monodisperse biopolymer microcapsules for latent heat storage, ACS Mater. Au, 2 (3), 250–259.

[60] Furtado, L.M., Hilamatu, K.C.P., Balaji, K., Ando, R.A., and Petri, D.F.S., 2020, Miscibility and sustained release of drug from cellulose butyrate/caffeine films, J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol., 55, 101472.

[61] Guimarães, T.L.F., da Silva, L.M.R., Lima, C.B., Magalhães, F.E.A., and de Figueiredo, E.A.T., 2020, Antimicrobial activity of microcapsules with aqueous extract of chambá (Justicia pectoralis Jacq), Rev. Cienc. Agron., 51 (2), e20186471.

[62] Olawale, F., Olofinsan, K., and Iwaloye, O., 2022, Biological activities of Chromolaena odorata: A mechanistic review, S. Afr. J. Bot., 144, 44–57.

[63] Vijayaraghavan, K., Rajkumar, J., Bukhari, S.N.A., Al-Sayed, B., and Seyed, M.A., 2017, Chromolaena odorata: A neglected weed with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities (Review), Mol. Med. Rep., 15 (3), 1007–1016.

[64] Lobiuc, A., Pavăl, N.E., Mangalagiu, I.I., Gheorghită, R., Teliban, G.C., Amăriucăi-Mantu, D., and Stoleru, V., 2023, Future antimicrobials: Natural and functionalized phenolics, Molecules, 28 (3), 1114.

[65] Kauffmann, A.C., and Castro, V.S., 2023, Phenolic compounds in bacterial inactivation: A perspective from Brazil, Antibiotics, 12 (4), 645.

[66] Vital, P.G., and Rivera, W.L., 2009, Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of Chromolaena odorata (L. f.) King and Robinson and Uncaria perrottetii (A. Rich) Merr. extracts, J. Med. Plants Res., 3 (7), 511–518.

[67] Zayed, M., Othman, H., Ghazal, H., and Hassabo, A.G., 2021, Psidium guajava leave extract as reducing agent for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its application to impart multifunctional properties for cellulosic fabrics, Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem., 11 (5), 13535–13556.

[68] Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Jiang, P., and Quek, S., 2016, Antibacterial activity and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, Food Control, 59, 282–289.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.95841

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2850 | views : 1034


Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Web Analytics View The Statistics of Indones. J. Chem.