Pseudoternary Phase Diagram and Antibacterial Activity of Microemulsion-Based Citronella Oil

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.93250

Chintya Gunarto(1*), Alchris Woo Go(2), Artik Elisa Angkawijaya(3), Jenni Lie(4), Felycia Edi Soetaredjo(5), Suryadi Ismadji(6), Nathania Puspitasari(7), Jindrayani Nyoo Putro(8), Chandra Risdian(9)

(1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Keelung Road, Da’an District, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
(3) Plant Lipid Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
(4) Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
(5) Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
(6) Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
(7) Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
(8) Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
(9) Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung 40135, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Citronella oil (CTO) is extracted from citronella leaves by maceration or steam distillation process, which has antibacterial and insect-repellent activities. However, the use of CTO is limited and requires modification in other formulations, such as microemulsion (ME), to increase its bioactivities. ME consists of oil, water, surfactant and/or cosurfactant and is commonly applied in food and beverages, cosmetics, and carrier for drug delivery applications. CTO was used as the oil phase for ME with nonionic surfactant and ethanol as a cosurfactant for lowering interfacial tension between oil and water phase. Subsequent observations regarding stability and antibacterial tests were carried out on ME formulations with surfactant/cosurfactant mixture of 2 due to its largest ME area. A hydrodynamic diameter analysis was also carried out to see the stability of the ME within a period of 50 d. ME with 10% CTO, 30% surfactant mixture, and 60% water showed the best formulation observed from the consistent hydrodynamic diameter measurement. In addition, ME with different formulations could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by more than 90%. From this research, CTO-based ME potentially improve and develop drug carrier applications, especially via topical route.

Keywords


microemulsion; citronella oil; Tween 80; pseudoternary phase diagram; antibacterial

Full Text:

Full Text PDF


References

[1] Cevc, G., and Vierl, U., 2010, Nanotechnology and the transdermal route: A state of the art review and critical appraisal, J. Controlled Release, 141 (3), 277–299.

[2] Fonseca, V.R., Bhide, P.J., and Joshi, M.P., 2019, Formulation, development and evaluation of etoricoxib nanosize microemulsion based gel for topical drug delivery, Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res., 53 (4), S571–S579.

[3] Kotmakchiev, M., Kantarci, G., Çetinta̧s, V.B., and Ertan, G., 2012, Cytotoxicity of a novel oil/water microemulsion system loaded with mitomycin-C in in vitro lung cancer models, Drug Dev. Res., 73 (4), 185–195.

[4] Mori Cortés, N., Lorenzo, G., and Califano, A.N., 2018, Food grade microemulsion systems: Sunflower oil/castor oil derivative-ethanol/water. Rheological and physicochemical analysis, Food Res. Int., 107, 41–47.

[5] Sha, X., Wu, J., Chen, Y., and Fang, X., 2012, Self-microemulsifying drug-delivery system for improved oral bioavailability of probucol: Preparation and evaluation, Int. J. Nanomed., 7, 705–712.

[6] Gunarto, C., Hsu, H.Y., Go, A.W., Santoso, S.P., Truong, C.T., Ju, Y.H., and Angkawijaya, A.E., 2021, Effect of cellulose nanocrystal supplementation on the stability of castor oil microemulsion, J. Mol. Liq., 325, 115181.

[7] Zhang, Q., Guo, K., Wang, X., Huang, B., Lin, Z., and Cai, Z., 2020, Optimization of lipid materials in the formulation of S-carvedilol self-microemulsifying drug-delivery systems, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 46 (9), 1507–1516.

[8] Bricarello, P.A., de Barros, G.P., Seugling, J., Podestá, R., Veleirinho, M.B., and Mazzarino, L., 2021, Data of insecticide action of a nanoemulsion of citronella essential oil on Cochliomyia hominivorax blowfly, Data Brief, 38, 724–730.

[9] Pereira, P.S., Oliveira, C.V.B., Maia, A.J., Vega-Gomez, M.C., Rolón, M., Coronel, C., Duarte, A.E., Coutinho, H.D.M., Siyadatpanah, A., Norouzi, R., Sadati, S.J.A., Wilairatana, P., and Silva, T.G., 2022, Evaluation of the in vitro antiparasitic effect of the essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus and its chemical composition analysis, Molecules, 27 (9), 2753.

[10] da Silva, M.R.M., and Ricci-Júnior, E., 2020, An approach to natural insect repellent formulations: From basic research to technological development, Acta Trop., 212, 105419.

[11] Viktorová, J., Stupák, M., Rehorova, K., Dobiasová, S., Hoang, L., Hajšlová, J., Van Thanh, T., Van Tri, L., Van Tuan, N., and Ruml, T., 2020, Lemon grass essential oil does not modulate cancer cells multidrug resistance by citral—Its dominant and strongly antimicrobial compound, Foods, 9 (5), 585.

[12] Ibrahim, S.S., Abou-Elseoud, W.S., Elbehery, H.H., and Hassan, M.L., 2022, Chitosan-cellulose nanoencapsulation systems for enhancing the insecticidal activity of citronella essential oil against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, Ind. Crops Prod., 184, 115089.

[13] Zhang, X., Zhu, H., Wang, J., Li, F., Wang, J., Ma, X., Li, J., Huang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, L., and Li, S., 2022, Anti-microbial activity of citronella (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil separation by ultrasound assisted ohmic heating hydrodistillation, Ind. Crops Prod., 176, 114299.

[14] Osman Mohamed Ali, E., Shakil, N.A., Rana, V.S., Sarkar, D.J., Majumder, S., Kaushik, P., Singh, B.B., and Kumar, J., 2017, Antifungal activity of nano emulsions of neem and citronella oils against phytopathogenic fungi, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii, Ind. Crops Prod., 108, 379–387.

[15] Rahmi, D., Yunilawati, R., Jati, B.N., Setiawati, I., Riyanto, A., Batubara, I., and Astuti, R.I., 2021, Antiaging and skin irritation potential of four main Indonesian essential oils, Cosmetics, 8 (4), 94.

[16] Boeira, C.P., Piovesan, N., Soquetta, M.B., Flores, D.C.B., Lucas, B.N., da Rosa, C.S., and Terra, N.N., 2018, Extraction of bioactive compounds of lemongrass, antioxidant activity and evaluation of antimicrobial activity in fresh chicken sausage, Cienc. Rural, 48 (11), e20180477.

[17] Oh, J., Kim, H., Beuchat, L.R., and Ryu, J.H., 2022, Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus on a laboratory medium and black peppercorns by individual and combinations of essential oil vapors, Food Control, 132, 108487.

[18] Motelica, L., Ficai, D., Ficai, A., Truşcă, R.D., Ilie, C.I., Oprea, O.C., and Andronescu, E., 2020, Innovative antimicrobial chitosan/ZnO/Ag NPs/citronella essential oil nanocomposite—Potential coating for grapes, Foods, 9 (12), 1801.

[19] Gharsan, F.N., Kamel, W.M., Alghamdi, T.S., Alghamdi, A.A., Althagafi, A.O., Aljassim, F.J., and Al-Ghamdi, S.N., 2022, Toxicity of citronella essential oil and its nanoemulsion against the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), Ind. Crops Prod., 184, 115024.

[20] Shinoda, K., and Lindman, B., 1987, Organized surfactant systems: Microemulsions, Langmuir, 3 (2), 135–149.

[21] Sieniawska, E., Świątek, Ł., Wota, M., Rajtar, B., and Polz-Dacewicz, M., 2019, Microemulsions of essentials oils – Increase of solubility and antioxidant activity or cytotoxicity?, Food Chem. Toxicol., 129, 115–124.

[22] Gunarto, C., Ju, Y.H., Putro, J.N., Tran-Nguyen, P.L., Soetaredjo, F.E., Santoso, S.P., Ayucitra, A., Angkawijaya, A.E., and Ismadji, S., 2020, Effect of a nonionic surfactant on the pseudoternary phase diagram and stability of microemulsion, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 65 (8), 4024–4033.

[23] Chaiyana, W., Leelapornpisid, P., Phongpradist, R., and Kiattisin, K., 2016, Enhancement of antioxidant and skin moisturizing effects of olive oil by incorporation into microemulsions, Nanomater. Nanotechnol., 6, 1847980416669488.

[24] Cho, Y.H., Kim, S., Bae, E.K., Mok, C.K., and Park, J., 2008, Formulation of a cosurfactant-free O/W microemulsion using nonionic surfactant mixtures, J. Food Sci., 73 (3), E115–E121.

[25] Gunarto, C., Go, A.W., Ju, Y.H., Angkawijaya, A.E., Santoso, S.P., Ayucitra, A., Soetaredjo, F.E., and Ismadji, S., 2022, Activity and stability of castor oil-based microemulsions with cellulose nanocrystals as a carrier for astaxanthin, Asia-Pac. J. Chem. Eng., 17 (6), e2832.

[26] Tandel, H., Patel, P., and Jani, P., 2015, Preparation and study of efavirenz microemulsion drug delivery system for enhancement of bioavailability, Eur. J. Pharm. Med. Res., 2 (5), 1156–1174.

[27] Dehghani, F., Farhadian, N., Golmohammadzadeh, S., Biriaee, A., Ebrahimi, M., and Karimi, M., 2017, Preparation, characterization and in-vivo evaluation of microemulsions containing tamoxifen citrate anti-cancer drug, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 96, 479–489.

[28] Callender, S.P., Mathews, J.A., Kobernyk, K., and Wettig, S.D., 2017, Microemulsion utility in pharmaceuticals: Implications for multi-drug delivery, Int. J. Pharm., 526 (1-2), 425–442.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.93250

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 1992 | views : 651


Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 


Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Web
Analytics View The Statistics of Indones. J. Chem.