Polynomial Regression Analysis for Removal of Heavy Metal Mixtures in Coagulation/Flocculation of Electroplating Wastewater

Siti Wahidah Puasa; Kamariah Noor Ismail; Muhammad Amarul Aliff Mahadi; Nur Ain Zainuddin; Mohd Nazmi Mohd Mukelas

doi:10.22146/ijc.52251

Polynomial Regression Analysis for Removal of Heavy Metal Mixtures in Coagulation/Flocculation of Electroplating Wastewater

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.52251

Siti Wahidah Puasa^(1*), Kamariah Noor Ismail⁽²⁾, Muhammad Amarul Aliff Mahadi⁽³⁾, Nur Ain Zainuddin⁽⁴⁾, Mohd Nazmi Mohd Mukelas⁽⁵⁾

(1) Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
(2) Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
(3) Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
(4) Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
(5) Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Wastewater produced from the electroplating industry generally consists of heavy metals mixture and organic materials that need to be treated before it can be discharged to the environment. Thus, the present investigation was focused on the selectivity removal of heavy metal mixtures consists of Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), and Zinc (Zn). Several operating conditions, including the effect of pH and coagulant (FeCl₃) dosage, were varied to find the best performance of heavy metal removal. Results show the efficiency of heavy metals removal for both wastewater characteristics were approximately 99%. The experimental data on the treatment of synthetic wastewater was plotted using polynomial regression (PR) via Excel software. The value of adjusted R² obtained for the final concentration of Cu, Zn, and Cd after treatment were 0.6884, 0.9676, and 0.9283, respectively, which shows data were acceptably fitted for Cu and very well fitted for Zn and Cd. The coagulation/flocculation process performed on actual wastewater shows that the lowest final concentration of Cu, Zn, and Cd after treatment were 0.487, 1.232, and 0 mg/L respectively at pH of 12.

Keywords

hydroxide precipitation; metal removal; coagulation-flocculation; electroplating wastewater; polynomial regression

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Calzadilla, A., Rehdanz, K., and Tol, R.S.J., 2011, Water scarcity and the impact of improved irrigation management: A computable general equilibrium analysis, Agric. Econ., 42 (3), 305–323.

[2] Fu, F., and Wang, Q., 2011, Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review, J. Environ. Manage., 92 (3), 407–418.

[3] Kim, C., Lee, C.R., Song, Y.E., Heo, J., Choi, S.M., Lim, D.H., Cho, J., Park, C., Jang, M., and Kim, J.R., 2017, Hexavalent chromium as a cathodic electron acceptor in a bipolar membrane microbial fuel cell with the simultaneous treatment of electroplating wastewater, Chem. Eng. J., 328, 703–707.

[4] Chen, R., Liao, X., and Ge, Q., 2021, A novel multinuclear zinc complex Zn-Bet-Tf₂N for electroplating wastewater treatment using forward osmosis technique, Chem. Eng. J., 404, 126569.

[5] Yan, F.L., Wang, Y., Wang, W.H., Zhao, J.X., Feng, L.L., Li, J.J., and Zhao, J.C., 2020, Application of biochars obtained through the pyrolysis of Lemna minor in the treatment of Ni-electroplating wastewater, J. Water Process Eng., 37, 101464.

[6] Bankole, M.T., Abdulkareem, A.S., Mohammed, I.A., Ochigbo, S.S., Tijani, J.O., Abubakre, O.K., and Roos, W.R., 2019, Selected heavy metals removal from electroplating wastewater by purified and polyhydroxylbutyrate functionalized carbon nanotubes adsorbents, Sci. Rep., 9 (1), 4475.

[7] Martín-Lara, M.A., Blázquez, G., Trujillo, M.C., Pérez, A., and Calero, M., 2014, New treatment of real electroplating wastewater containing heavy metal ions by adsorption onto olive stone, J. Cleaner Prod., 81, 120–129.

[8] Martínez-Quiroz, M., López-Maldonado, E.A., Ochoa-Terán, A., Pina-Luis, G.E., and Oropeza-Guzman, M.T., 2018, Modification of chitosan with carbamoyl benzoic acids for testing its coagulant-flocculant and binding capacities in removal of metallic ions typically contained in plating wastewater, Chem. Eng. J., 332, 749–756.

[9] Mehdipour, S., Vatanpour, V., and Kariminia, H.R., 2015, Influence of ion interaction on lead removal by a polyamide nanofiltration membrane, Desalination, 362, 84–92.

[10] Wang, G., Chang, Q., Han, X., and Zhang, M., 2013, Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by flocculant with the capacity of reduction and chelation, J. Hazard. Mater., 248-249, 115–121.

[11] Sudarsan, J.S., Deeptha, V.T., Maurya, D., Goel, M., Kumar, K.R., and Das, A., 2015, Study on treatment of electroplating wastewater using constructed wetland, Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol., 14 (1), 95–100.

[12] Zhao, S., Chen, Z., Shen, J., Kang, J., Qu, Y., Wang, B., Wang, X., and Yuan, L., 2017, Response surface methodology investigation into optimization of the removal condition and mechanism of Cr(Ⅵ) by Na₂SO₃/CaO, 2017, J. Environ. Manage., 202 (Part 1), 38–45.

[13] Carolin, C.F., Kumar, P.S., Saravanan, A., Joshiba, G.J., and Naushad, M., 2017, Efficient techniques for the removal of toxic heavy metals from aquatic environment: A review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 5 (3), 2782–2799.

[14] Xiong, Z., Cao, J., Yang, D., Lai, B., and Yang, P., 2017, Coagulation-flocculation as pre-treatment for micro-scale Fe/Cu/O₃ process (CF-mFe/Cu/O₃) treatment of the coating wastewater from automobile manufacturing, Chemosphere, 166, 343–351.

[15] Rekha, T.M., Vinod, B., and Murthy, K.V.R., 2014, Removal of heavy metals from electroplating industry by electrocoagulation, JCHPS, 3, 111–118.

[16] Hargreaves, A.J., Vale, P., Whelan, J., Alibardi, L., Constantino, C., Dotro, G., Cartmell, E., and Campo, P., 2018, Impacts of coagulation-flocculation treatment on the size distribution and bioavailability of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn) in municipal wastewater, Water Res., 128, 120–128.

[17] Siziba, N., Mwedzi, T., and Muisa, N., 2020, Assessment of nutrient enrichment and heavy metal pollution of headwater streams of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, Phys. Chem. Earth., In Press, Corrected Proof.

[18] L.R. Board, 2017, Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127), International Law Book Services, Malaysia.

[19] Jumina, Priastomo, Setiawan, H.R., Mutmainah, Kurniawan, Y.S., and Ohto, K., 2020, Simultaneous removal of lead(II), chromium(III), and copper(II) heavy metal ions through an adsorption process using C-phenylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene material, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 8 (4), 103971.

[20] Sadeghi, M.H., Tofighy, M.A., and Mohammadi, T., 2020, One-dimensional graphene for efficient aqueous heavy metal adsorption: Rapid removal of arsenic and mercury ions by graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs), Chemosphere, 253, 126647.

[21] Aloulou, W., Aloulou, H., Khemakhem, M., Duplay, J., Daramola, M.O., and Amar, R.B., 2020, Synthesis and characterization of clay-based ultrafiltration membranes supported on natural zeolite for removal of heavy metals from wastewater, Environ. Technol. Innovation, 18, 100794.

[22] Hosseini, S.M., Alibakhshi, H., Jashni, E., Parvizian, F., Shen, J.N., Taheri, M., Ebrahimi, M., and Rafiei, N., 2020, A novel layer-by-layer heterogeneous cation exchange membrane for heavy metal ions removal from water, J. Hazard. Mater., 381, 120884.

[23] Tavakoli, O., Goodarzi, V., Saeb, M.R., Mahmoodi, N.M., and Borja, R., 2017, Competitive removal of heavy metal ions from squid oil under isothermal condition by CR11 chelate ion exchanger, J. Hazard. Mater., 334, 256–266.

[24] Sun, Y., Zhou, S., Pan, S.Y., Zhu, S., Yu, Y., and Zheng, H., 2020, Performance evaluation and optimization of flocculation process for removing heavy metal, Chem. Eng. J., 385, 123911.

[25] de la Varga, D.D.L., Díaz, M.A., Ruiz, I., and Soto, M., 2013, Heavy metal removal in an UASB-CW system treating municipal wastewater, Chemosphere, 93 (7), 1317–1323.

[26] Ya, V., Martin, N., Chou, Y.H., Chen, Y.M., Choo, K.H, Chen, S.S., and Li, C.W., 2018, Electrochemical treatment for simultaneous removal of heavy metals and organics from surface finishing wastewater using sacrificial iron anode, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 83, 107–144.

[27] Sun, J., Liu, L., and Yang, F., 2020, A WO₃/PPy/ACF modified electrode in electrochemical system for simultaneous removal of heavy metal ion Cu²⁺ and organic acid, J. Hazard. Mater., 394, 122534.

[28] Tran, T.K., Chiu, K.F., Lin, C.Y., and Leu, H.J., 2017, Electrochemical treatment of wastewater: Selectivity of the heavy metals removal process, Int. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42 (45), 27741–27748.

[29] US EPA, 1983, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA/600/4-79/020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

[30] Abdullah, S.R.S., Rahman, R.A., Mohamad, A.B., Mustafa, M.M., and Khadum, A.A.H., 1999, Removal of mixed heavy metals by hydroxide precipitation, Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 11 (2), 85–101.

[31] Pascual, D., and McPhee, M., 2015, Fulfilment of EPA Discharge Requirements for ARD Using Co-Precipitation Iron Process at Neutral pH, 10^th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage & IMWA Annual Conference, 21-24 April 2015, Santiago, Chile.

[32] APHA, 2014, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.

[33] Hashim, M.A., Mukhopadhyay, S., Sahu, J.N., and Sengupta, B., 2011, Remediation technologies for heavy metal contaminated groundwater, J. Environ. Manage., 92 (10), 2355–2388.

[34] Daud, N.M., Abdullah, S.R.S., and Hasan, H.A., 2018, Response surface methodological analysis for the optimization of acid-catalyzed transesterification biodiesel wastewater pre-treatment using coagulation-flocculation process, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 113, 184–192.

[35] AlMubaddal, F., AlRumaihi, K., and Ajbar, A., 2009, Performance optimization of coagulation/flocculation in the treatment of wastewater from a polyvinyl chloride plant, J. Hazard. Mater., 161 (1), 431–438.

[36] Bratskaya, S.Y., Pestov, A.V., Yatluk, Y.G., and Avramenko, V.A., 2009, Heavy metals removal by flocculation/precipitation using N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosans, Colloids Surf., A, 339 (1-3), 140–144.

[37] Ghorpade, A., and Ahammed, M.M., 2018, Water treatment sludge for removal of heavy metals from electroplating wastewater, Environ. Eng. Res., 23 (1), 92–98.

[38] US EPA, 1984, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Copper Forming Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

[39] Ngatenah, S.N.I., Kutty, S.R.M., and Isa, M.H., 2010, Optimization of heavy metal removal from aqueous solution using groundwater treatment plant sludge (GWTPS), International Conference on Environment 2010 (ICENV 2010), 15 December 2010, Penang, Malaysia.

[40] Kobielska, P.A., Howarth, A.J., Farha, O.K., and Nayak, S., 2018, Metal-organic frameworks for heavy metal removal from water, Coord. Chem. Rev., 358, 92–107.

[41] Ebrahimi, M., Gerber, E.L., and Rockaway, T.D., 2017, Temporal performance assessment of wastewater treatment plants by using multivariate statistical analysis, J. Environ. Manage., 193, 234–246.

[42] Santos, B., Galinha, C.F., Crespo, J.G., Santos, M.A., and Velizarov, S., 2013, Prediction of polar oil and grease contamination levels in refinery wastewater through multivariate statistical modeling, Sep. Purif. Technol., 119, 51–57.

[43] Ebbing, D.D., and Gammon, S.D., 2016, General Chemistry, 10^th Ed., Cengage Learning, Boston, US.

[44] Liu, D.H.F., and Liptak, B.G., 1997, Environmental Engineers' Handbook, 2^nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, US.

[45] Johnson, P.D., Girinathannair, P., Ohlinger, K.N., Ritchie, S., Teuber, L., and Kirby, J., 2008, Enhanced removal of heavy metals in primary treatment using coagulation and flocculation, Water Environ. Res., 80 (5), 472–479.

[46] Brown, A.M., 2001, A step-by-step guide to non-linear regression analysis of experimental data using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 65 (3), 191–200.

[47] Hu, G., Li, J., and Hou, H., 2015, A combination of solvent extraction and freeze thaw for oil recovery from petroleum refinery wastewater treatment pond sludge, J. Hazard. Mater., 283, 832–840.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.52251