Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicities Study of Channa striata
Keywords:
albumin; fatty acid; omega-3; toxicity
Abstract
Food and drug control authorities in each country have issued warnings about the toxic effect potential of using commonly consumed traditional medicines. The safety assurance, standardization, and market regulation of herbal medicines being sold need to be determined. This study's goal is to investigate the acute and subchronic toxicity of cold-processed snakehead fish (Channa striata) flesh. In-vivo rats models were given dosages of 350, 1400, and 5600 mg/kg processed snakehead fish (SF) and were monitored for toxic symptoms and mortality for 14 days. Meanwhile, regarding subchronic toxicity, doses of 350, 700, and 1400 mg/kg SF were administered orally for 28 days. Afterward, the animal subjects were sacrificed for histopathological, hematological, and biochemical examinations. There were no evidence of toxicity or mortality in rats during the acute examination, which lasted 14 days. The subchronic toxicity results showed no significant changes in most of the hematological, biochemical, and histological profiles of the organs. Some changes observed in blood biochemistry and relative organ weight were assumed as a temporary effect and not a sign of toxicity. The overall results showed that the SF was non-toxic up to 1400 mg/kg, which can be considered a safe dose for the application of health supplement raw materials.
References
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Birhanu, M., Asres, Y., Adissu, W., Yemane, T., Zemene, E., & Gedefaw, L. (2017). Hematological Parameters and Hemozoin-Containing Leukocytes and Their Association with Disease Severity among Malaria Infected Children: A Cross-Sectional Study at Pawe General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases, 2017, e8965729. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8965729
BPOM RI. (2020). Pedoman Uji Toksisitas Praklinik Secara In Vivo. BPOM. https://jdih.pom.go.id/view/slide/1213/-/2020
BPOM RI. (2021). Cek Produk BPOM. https://cekbpom.pom.go.id//home/produk/bm648hcq4dfja2rgrkabvd17t4/10
Budiari, S., Chasanah, E., Suhartono, M. T., & Palupi, N. S. (2018). Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity of Crude and Fractionated Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Fillet Extract. Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology, 13(2), 57–67.
Ebdon, C., Batty, P., & Smith, G. (2013). Haematopoiesis and red blood cells. Surgery (Oxford), 31(5), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2013.02.005
Elangovan, A., Subramanian, A., Durairaj, S., Ramachandran, J., Lakshmanan, D. K., Ravichandran, G., Nambirajan, G., & Thilagar, S. (2019). Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic efficacy of skin and seed extracts of Momordica cym-balaria on alloxan induced diabetic model in rats. Journal of Ethnophar-macology, 241, 111989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111989
Elharafi, H., Elhamdani, N., Hachim, M. E., Tebbaai, H., Sadik, K., El Hachadi, F., & Aboulmouhajir, A. (2021). In silico exploration of bioavailability, druggability, toxicity alerts and biological activity of a large series of fatty acids. Computational Toxicology, 17, 100153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100153
FAO. (2019). Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Species Fact sheet. Channa striata (Bloch, 1973). FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3062/en
Garbus, S.-E., Christensen, J. P., Buchmann, K., Jessen, T. B., Lyngs, P., Ja-cobsen, M. L., Garbus, G., Lund, E., Garbus, P. G., Madsen, J. J., Thorup, K., & Sonne, C. (2019). Haematology, blood biochemistry, parasites and pathology of common eider (Somateria mollisima) males during a mortality event in the Baltic. Science of The Total Environment, 683, 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.281
Goff Jr, D. C., Bertoni, A. G., Kramer, H., Bonds, D., Blumenthal, R. S., Tsai, M. Y., & Psaty, B. M. (2006). Dyslipidemia prevalence, treatment, and control in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) gender, ethnicity, and coronary artery calcium. Circulation, 113(5), 647–656.
Gustiano, R., Kurniawan, K., & Kusmini, I. I. (2021). Bioresources and diversity of snakehead, Channa striata (Bloch 1793): A proposed model for optimal and sustainable utilization of freshwater fish. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 762(1), 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/762/1/012012
Hall, R., & Everds, N. (2001). Principles of clinical pathology for toxicology studies. Principles and Methods of Toxicology, 1001–1038.
Hodge, H. C., & Sterner, J. H. (1949). Tabulation of Toxicity Classes. American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly, 10(4), 93–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00968204909344159
Irnawati, Riyanto, S., & Rohman, A. (2021). Adulteration of Gabus (Channa striata) fish oil with corn oil and palm oil: The use of FTIR spectra and chemometrics. Journal of Food Science, 5, 184–190.
Karsli, B. (2021). Comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of commer-cially available fish oil supplements in Turkey: Public health risks and benefits. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 103, 104105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104105
Kpemissi, M., Metowogo, K., Melila, M., Veerapur, V. P., Negru, M., Taulescu, M., Potârniche, A.-V., Suhas, D. S., Puneeth, T. A., Vijayakumar, S., Eklu-Gadegbeku, K., & Aklikokou, K. (2020). Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Combretum micranthum (Combretaceae) in Wistar rats. Toxicology Reports, 7, 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.007
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Ma’rufi, I., Ali, K., Jati, S. K., Sukmawati, A., Ardiansyah, K., & Ningtyias, F. W. (2020). Improvement of Nutritional Status among Tuberculosis Patients by Channa striata Supplementation: A True Experimental Study in Indonesia. BioMed Research International, 2020, 7491702. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7491702
Matteoni, C. A., Younossi, Z. M., Gramlich, T., Boparai, N., Liu, Y. C., & McCullough, A. J. (1999). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology, 116(6), 1413–1419.
Meganathan, M., Gopal, K. M., Sasikala, P., Mohan, J., Gowdhaman, N., Bal-amurugan, K., Nirmala, P., Santhakumari, S., & Samuel, V. (2011). Eval-uation of Hepatoprotective Effect of Omega 3-Fatty Acid against Parace-tamol Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats. Global Journal of Pharmacology, 5(1), 50–53.
MMAF. (2020). Total Produksi. Pengolahan Data Produksi Kelautan dan Perikanan. https://statistik.kkp.go.id/home.php?m=total&i=2#panel-footer
Mohd, S. M. A., & Abdul Manan, M. J. (2012). Therapeutic potential of the haruan (Channa striatus): From food to medicinal uses. Malaysian Journal of Nu-trition, 18(1), 125–136.
Olson, H., Betton, G., Robinson, D., Thomas, K., Monro, A., Kolaja, G., Lilly, P., Sanders, J., Sipes, G., Bracken, W., Dorato, M., Van Deun, K., Smith, P., Berger, B., & Heller, A. (2000). Concordance of the Toxicity of Pharma-ceuticals in Humans and in Animals. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharma-cology, 32(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2000.1399
Osagie-Eweka, SD. E., Orhue, N. E. J., Omogbai, E. K. I., & Amaechina, F. C. (2021). Oral acute and sub-chronic toxicity assessment of aqueous leaf extract of Simarouba glauca DC (Paradise tree). Toxicology Reports, 8, 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.008
Ozer, J. S., Chetty, R., Kenna, G., Palandra, J., Zhang, Y., Lanevschi, A., Koppiker, N., Souberbielle, B. E., & Ramaiah, S. K. (2010). Enhancing the utility of alanine aminotransferase as a reference standard biomarker for drug-induced liver injury. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 56(3), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.11.001
Pratama, W. W., Nursyam, H., Hariati, A. M., Islamy, R. A., & Hasan, V. (2020). Short Communication: Proximate analysis, amino acid profile and albumin concentration of various weights of Giant Snakehead (Channa micropeltes) from Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210346
Rader, D. J., & Hobbs, H. H. (2014). Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism. In D. Kasper, A. Fauci, S. Hauser, D. Longo, J. L. Jameson, & J. Loscalzo (Eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1120816563
Rahman, M. A., Molla, M. H. R., Sarker, M. K., Chowdhury, S. H., & Shaikh, M. M. (2018). Snakehead fish (Channa striata) and its biochemical properties for therapeutics and health benefits. SF J Biotechnol Biomed Eng. 2018; 1 (1), 1005.
Rastogi, S. C. (2007). Biotechnology: Principles and applications. Alpha Science International.
Rohman, A., Putri, A. R., Irnawati, Windarsih, A., Nisa, K., & Lestari, L. A. (2021). The employment of analytical techniques and chemometrics for authenti-cation of fish oils: A review. Food Control, 124, 107864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107864
Sahid, N. A., Hayati, F., Rao, C. V., Ramely, R., Sani, I., Dzulkarnaen, A., Zakaria, Z., Hassan, S., Zahari, A., & Ali, A. A. (2018). Snakehead Consumption Enhances Wound Healing? From Tradition to Modern Clinical Practice: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, 3032790. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3032790
Samuels, A. (2020). Dose dependent toxicity of glutamic acid: A review. Interna-tional Journal of Food Properties, 23(1), 412–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2020.1733016
Sasongko, H., Pratiwi, D., Amartiwi, T., Efendi, N. R., & Sugiyarto. (2019). Hepa-toprotective Effect of Mountain Papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) Fruit Extract against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Damage. 66–70. https://www.scitepress.org/PublicationsDetail.aspx?ID=iYWVEOB9aMc=&t=1
Sasongko, H., Saputro, B. A., Hidayati, R. W. N., S., R. S. W., & Sekarjati, T. A. (2018). The effect of hydrocarbon ointment containing eel fish (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) and snakehead fish (Channa striata) oil for wound healing in Wistar rats. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2019(1), 050006. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5061899
Schönfeld, P., & Reiser, G. (2021). How the brain fights fatty acids’ toxicity. Neu-rochemistry International, 148, 105050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105050
Sellers, R. S., Mortan, D., Michael, B., Roome, N., Johnson, J. K., Yano, B. L., Perry, R., & Schafer, K. (2007). Society of Toxicologic Pathology Position Paper: Organ Weight Recommendations for Toxicology Studies. Toxico-logic Pathology, 35(5), 751–755. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701595300
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Published
2022-12-20
How to Cite
Sasongko, H., Pradana, Y. C. C., Kurnia, A. D., Solihah, D. P. Z., Al Izzah, A., Chilyatuzzulva, S., Isnarko, T. O. V., Farida, Y., & Sutarno, S. (2022). Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicities Study of Channa striata. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 33(4), 641–652. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.3905
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Section
Research Article
