Effect of Isolation Method on Characteristics of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Brown Seaweed Sargassum vulgare
Keywords:
hydrolysys, cristallinity, microcrystalline cellulose, alginate residue, enzyme
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been reported to be purely derived from depolymerized cellulose which forms crystals. Therefore, this study aims to determine the characteristics of MCC samples which were in form of powder and alginate residues of Sargassum vulgare, hydrolyzed with acid and enzymes. The observed characteristics included yield, water content, ash content, pH, solubility, functional groups, and crystallinity index. Furthermore, the results showed that the MCC from acid-hydrolyzed seaweed powder and alginate residue, as well as enzymatically hydrolyzed seaweed powder and alginate residue each, had a yield of 3.83±2.74%, 5.66±1.52%, 10.03±2.58%, and 17.17±3.50%, crystallinity index of 91.37%, 80.26%, 84.67%, and 81.90%, water content of 4.92±1.85%, 4.92±1.11%, 3.88±2.01%, and 3.58±0.40%, ash content of 13.88±0.12%, 3.49±0.13%, 9.86±0.17%, and 7.43±0.09%, pH of 5.13±0.38, 5±0.1; 5.7±0.17, and 5.97±0.06, and solubility of 22.82±1.20%, 23.73±1.09%, 19.12±3.55%, and 21.10±1.48%, respectively. The functional group analysis showed that there were similarities with the standard Avicel PH101. Also, water content and pH meet the requirements according to the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, while solubility and ash content does not meet these requirements. However, the results of enzymatic hydrolysis were better than acid hydrolysis, and samples from alginate residues had better results than seaweed powder. Considering these results, the best MCC was obtained from enzymatically hydrolyzed alginate residue with a yield, water content, ash content, pH, solubility, and crystallinity index of 17.17±3.50%, 3.58±0.40, 7.43±0.09, 5.97±0.06, 21.10±1.48, and 81.90%.
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Schuh, V., Allard, K., Herrmann, K., Gibis, M., Kohlus, R., & Weiss, J. (2013). Impact of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) on Functional Characteristics of Emulsified Sausages. Meat Science, 93(2), 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.08.025
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Arguelles, E. D., Monsalud, R. G., & Sapin, A. B. (2019). Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacgterial Activities of Sargassum vulgare C. Agard from Lobo, Batangas, Philippines. Journal of the International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences, 25(1), 112-122.
Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC). 2005. Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemistry. Washington DS (US): AOAC International. Retrieved August 24, 2021, from https://www.aoac.org/official-methods-of-analysis-21st-edition-2019/
Diharningrum, I. M., & Husni, A. (2018). Acid and calcium alginate extraction method affected the quality of alginate from brown seaweed Sargasum hystrix J. Agardh. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 21(3), 532–542. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v21i3.24737
Edison, Diharmi, A., & Sari, E. D. (2019). Karakteristik mikroselulosa mikrokristalin dari rumput laut merah Eucheuma cottonii | Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 22(3), 483–489. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v22i3.28946
Effendi, F., Elvia, R., & Amir, H. (2018). Preparasi dan Karakterisasi Mikrokristalin Selulosa (MCC) Berbahan Baku Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS). Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Kimia, 2(1), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.33369/atp.v2i1.4672
FAO. 2021. Global seaweeds and microalgae production, 1950–2019. World Aquaculture Performance Indicators (WAPI) factsheet. 172 pp.
Gusrianto, P., Zulharmita, Rivai, H. (2011). Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Waste of Sawdust. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi, 16(2), 180-188.
He, Q., Wang, Q., Zhou, H., Ren, D., He, Y., Cong, H., & Wu, L. (2018). Highly Crystalline Cellulose from Brown Seaweed Saccharina japonica: Isolation, Characterization and Microcrystallization. Cellulose, 25(10), 5523–5533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1966-1
Husni, A., Subaryono, Pranoto, Y. , Tazwir, Ustadi (2012). Pengembangan Metode Ekstraksi Alginat dari Rumput Laut Sargassum sp. Sebagai Bahan Pengental. Agritech 32(1) : 1-8. https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9649
Jumaidin, R., Sapuan, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. (2017). Thermal, Mechanical, and Physical Properties of Seaweed/Sugar Palm Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Sugar Palm Starch/Agar Hybrid Composites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 97, 606–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.079
Kale, R. D., Bansal, P. S., & Gorade, V. G. (2018). Extraction of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Cotton Sliver and Its Comparison with Commercial Microcrystalline Cellulose. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26(1), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-0936-2
Kamisyah, S., Sapar, A., Brilliantoro, R., & Sayekti, E. (2020). Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Alginat dari Rumput Laut (Sargassum polycystum) Asal Perairan Singkawang Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa, 8(3), 62-71. https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jkkmipa/article/view/42395
Liu, Y., Liu, A., Ibrahim, S. A., Yang, H., & Huang, W. (2018). Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from pomelo peel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 111, 717–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.098
Nawangsari, D., Chaerunisaa, A. Y., Abdassah, M., Sriwidodo, S., Rusdiana, T., & Apriyanti, L. (2018). Isolation and Physicochemical Characterization of Microcristalline Cellulose from Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) Based on Pharmaceutical Grade Quality. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 5(2), 55-61. DOI:10.24198/ijpst.v5i2.15040
Nawangsari, D. (2019). Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Selulosa Mikrokristal dari Ampas Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.). Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 16(2), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v16i2.9150
Pakidi, C. S., & Suwoyo, H. S. (2017). Potensi dan Pemanfaatan Bahan Aktif Alga Cokelat Sargassum sp. Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan, 6(1), 551-562. https://doi.org/10.26618/octopus.v6i1.708
Prasetia, I. G. N. J. A., Deviana, S., Damayanti, T., Cahyadi, A., & Wirasuta, I. M. A. G. (2018). The Effect of NaOH Concentration in Delignification Process on Microcrystalline Cellulose from Green Algae (Cladophora sp.) as the Renewable Marine Product. Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Komunitas (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community), 15(2), 68–71. DOI:10.24071/jpsc.1521026
Purwanti, E., & Dampang, S. (2017). Pengaruh Perbedaan Kondisi Hidrolisis Terhadap Hasil Isolasi Nanokristalin Selulosa dari Bonggol Jagung. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research, 5(1), 12-16. https://doi.org/10.30598//ijcr.2017.5-end
Rahmi, D., Marpaung, M. T., Aulia, R. D., Putri, S. E., Aidha, N. N., & Widjajanti, R. (2020). Ekstraksi dan Karkterisasi Mikroselulosa dari Rumput Laut Coklat Sargassum sp. Sebagai Bahan Penguat Bioplastik Film. Jurnal Kimia Dan Kemasan, 42(2), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.24817/jkk.v42i2.6401
Rowe, R. C., Sheskey, P. J., Owen, S. C. (2009). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients Sixth Edition. Pharmaceutical Press. London.
Sankari, G., Kriahnamoorhty, E., Jayakumaran, S., Gunaeakaran, S., Priya, V. V., Subramanlam, S., & Mohan, S.K. (2010). Analysis of Serum Immonuglobulins Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectral Measurements. Biology and Medicine, 2(3), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000066
Schuh, V., Allard, K., Herrmann, K., Gibis, M., Kohlus, R., & Weiss, J. (2013). Impact of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) on Functional Characteristics of Emulsified Sausages. Meat Science, 93(2), 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.08.025
Sunardi, Lestari, A., Junaidi, A.B., Istikowati, W.T. (2019). Isolation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Medang Wood (Neolitsea latifolia). Konversi, 8(2), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.20527/k.v8i2.6881
Suryadi, H., Sari, H. R., & Rosikhoh, D. (2017). Preparation of Microcrystalline Ccellulose from Water Hyacinth Powder by Enzymatic Hydrolysis Using Cellulase of Local Isolate. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 9(1), S19–S23. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2017.1s.6
Tarchoun, A. F., Trache, D., & Klapötke, T. M. (2019). Microcrystalline Cellulose from Posidonia oceanica Brown Algae: Extraction and Characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 138, 837–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.176
Vijay, K., Balasundari, S., Jeyashakila, R., Velayathum, P., Masilan, K., & Reshma, R. (2017). Proximate and Mineral Composition of Brown Seaweed from Gulf of Mannar. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 5(5), 106-112.
Published
2022-01-14
How to Cite
Amir, H., & Siti Ari, B. (2022). Effect of Isolation Method on Characteristics of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Brown Seaweed Sargassum vulgare. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 33(1), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.3274
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Section
Research Article
