Green Technology On The Virgin Coconut Oil Production Using Enzyme From Pineapple Waste
Keywords:
Enzymatic, Pineapple crown extract, Virgin Coconut Oil
Abstract
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is widely used for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The high lauric acid content is very beneficial in the pharmaceutical field, such as for antiviral and antibiotic. Also, this VCO is very useful for cosmetic formulation. VCO production can be done by several methods, which are chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods. By the increase of VCO demand at the national and international levels, this study proceeded with the production of VCO using an enzymatic way that was efficiently conducted and environmentally friendly. The purpose of this research is to study the enzymatic process of VCO production by using pineapple waste, including pineapple crowns, pineapple fruit skins, pineapple leaves, and pineapple trunks. The pineapple waste used contains the enzyme bromelain to break down protein emulator in coconut milk cream. From the number of experiments with variations in substrate volume and temperature, the optimal VCO formation was obtained at 50oC with the ratio between the substrate and enzyme material was 9 to 1. The quality of VCO was evaluated as water content, free fatty acid concentration, and saponification numbers. Based on the evaluation results, the quality of VCO produced was similar to the standard of APCC, SNI, and Codex.
References
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Soeka Y S Sulistyo J and Naiola E 2008 Analisis Biokimia Minyak Kelapa Hasil Ekstraksi Secara Fermentasi (Biochemical Analysis of Extracting Fermented Coconut Oil) BIODIVERSITAS 9(2) 91.
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Prapun R Cheetangdee N and Udomrati S 2016 Characterization of virgin coconut oil (VCO) recovered by different techniques and fruit maturities International Food Research Journal 23(5) 2117.
Hidayati N 2010 Modifikasi dan Aplikasi pengolahan Minyak Kelapa Dengan Pemanfaatan Limbah Buah Nanas (Modification and Application of Coconut Oil Processing by Utilizing Pineapple Fruit Waste) Jurnal Kimia dan Teknologi 6(1) 27.
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Ricochon G and Muniglia L 2010 Influence of enzymes on the oil extraction processes in aqueous media Technologie – Innovation 17 356.
Harni M and Putri S K 2014 Processing Method Effect to Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Quality After Storaging International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Tecnology 4(2) 28.
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Herdyastuti, N., 2006. Isolasi dan karakterisasi ekstrak kasar enzim bromelin dari batang nanas (Ananas comusus L. merr). Berkala Penelitian Hayati, 12, pp.75-77.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. 1995. Report of the 14th Session of the Codex Committee on Fats and Oils. London 27 September-1 Oktober 1993. FAO United Nations, London.
Lehninger, A.L. (1993). Dasar-dasar Biokimia. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sutiah, S., Firdausi, K.S., & Budi, W.S. (2008). Studi Kualitas Minyak Goreng dengan Parameter Viskositas dan Indeks Bias. Berkala Fisika, 53-58.
Mohan, R., Sivakumar, V., Rangasamy, T., & Muralidharan, C. (2016). Optimisation of bromelain enzyme extraction from pineapple (Ananas comosus) and application in process industry. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 12(3), 188-195.
Winarno. (1986). Enzim Pangan dan Gizi. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Ketaren. (1986). Pengantar Teknologi Minyak dan Lemak Pangan . Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Winarti, S., Jariyah., & Purnomo, Y. (2007). Proses Pembuatan VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) secara Enzimatis Menggunakan Papain Kasar. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian.
Wirahadikusumah, M. (1989). Biokimia : Protein, Enzim dan Asam Nukleat. Bandung: ITB Press.
Suhartono. (1992). Protease. Bogor: Pusat Antar Universitas.
Stryer, L. (2000). Bikomia. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC
Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., & Rodwell, V.W. (2009). Biokimia Harper. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran ECG.
Ganda, P. 2009. Kinetika Enzim Pektin Metil Esterase (PME) Endogenous Dari Pulp Biji Kakao. Jurnal Agrotekno Vol. 15, No. 1, Februari 2009. Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Udayana.
Tiana, F., M Bintang, M Safithri. 2017. Inhibisi Enzim α-glukosidase Menggunakan Ekstrak Benalu Cengkeh (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Mic). Jurnal Agroindustri Halal 3(1): 041 – 047. Industri Pertanian Bogor
Rowell, A. A. (2004). A randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis. Dermatitis, 109-16
Lima R and Block J M 2019 Review: Coconut oil: what do we really know about itso far? Food Quality and Safety 3 61 (doi:10.1093/fqsafe/fyz004).
Alamsyah A N 2005 Virgin Coconut Oil: Minyak Penakluk Aneka Penyakit (Virgin Cocount Oil: Various Disease Conqueror Oils) (Jakarta: Agromedia Pustaka).
Marina A M Che Man Y B and Amin I 2009 Virgin coconut oil:emerging functional food oil Trends in Food Science & Technology 20 481.
Soeka Y S Sulistyo J and Naiola E 2008 Analisis Biokimia Minyak Kelapa Hasil Ekstraksi Secara Fermentasi (Biochemical Analysis of Extracting Fermented Coconut Oil) BIODIVERSITAS 9(2) 91.
Raghavendra S N and Raghavarao K S M S 2010 Effect of different treatments for the destabilization of coconut milk emulsion Journal of Food Engineering 97 341.
Prapun R Cheetangdee N and Udomrati S 2016 Characterization of virgin coconut oil (VCO) recovered by different techniques and fruit maturities International Food Research Journal 23(5) 2117.
Hidayati N 2010 Modifikasi dan Aplikasi pengolahan Minyak Kelapa Dengan Pemanfaatan Limbah Buah Nanas (Modification and Application of Coconut Oil Processing by Utilizing Pineapple Fruit Waste) Jurnal Kimia dan Teknologi 6(1) 27.
Handayani R Sulistyo J Rahayu R D 2009 Extraction of Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera L.) through Fermentation System BIODIVERSITAS 10(3) 151.
Ricochon G and Muniglia L 2010 Influence of enzymes on the oil extraction processes in aqueous media Technologie – Innovation 17 356.
Harni M and Putri S K 2014 Processing Method Effect to Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Quality After Storaging International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Tecnology 4(2) 28.
Rohyami Y Anjani R D and Purwanti N P 2017 The Influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enzyme Ratio on Preparation Virgin Coconut Oil for Candidate in-House Reference Materials International Conference on Chemistry Chemical Process and Engineering (IC3PE) 2017 AIP Conf. Proc. 1823 020086-1–020086-15 (doi: 10.1063/1.4978159).
Kumaunang M and Kamu V 2011. Aktivitas Enzim Bromelin Dari Ekstrak Kulit Nenas (Anenas Comosus) (Activities of Bromelin Enzymes of Extracts Pineapple Skin (Anenas Comosus) Jurnal Ilmiah Sains 11(2) 198.
Suhartono M T 1993 Telaah formulasi aditif di dalam peningkatan daya simpan protease Bacillus sp. (Review of the additive in the formulations of protease to increase the storability of Bacillus sp) (Laporan Penelitian Fateta) (Bogor: IPB)
Masyithah Z 2017 Parametric Study in Production of Virgin Coconut Oil by Fermentation Method Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 33(6), 3069-3076.
Harimurti, S. and Rumagesan, R.M., 2020, June. Environmentally friendly production method of virgin coconut oil using enzymatic reaction. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 874, No. 1, p. 012004). IOP Publishing.
Kumaunang, M., dan Tabaga, A. 2011. Amobilisasi enzim bromelin yang diisolasi dari batang nanas dengan menggunakan karagenan. Chem. Prog. Vol. 4, No.2. November 2011
Rulianah. (2002). Studi Pemanfaatan Kulit Buah Nanas sebagai nata de pina. Jurnal Bisnis dan Teknologi, 20-25.
Wuryanti, W., 2004. Isolasi dan Penentuan Aktivias Spesifik Enzim Bromelin dari Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus L.). Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 7(3), pp.78-82.
Murniati. 2006. Sang Nanas Bersisik Manis di Lidah. SIC: Surabaya
Herdyastuti, N., 2006. Isolasi dan karakterisasi ekstrak kasar enzim bromelin dari batang nanas (Ananas comusus L. merr). Berkala Penelitian Hayati, 12, pp.75-77.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. 1995. Report of the 14th Session of the Codex Committee on Fats and Oils. London 27 September-1 Oktober 1993. FAO United Nations, London.
Lehninger, A.L. (1993). Dasar-dasar Biokimia. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sutiah, S., Firdausi, K.S., & Budi, W.S. (2008). Studi Kualitas Minyak Goreng dengan Parameter Viskositas dan Indeks Bias. Berkala Fisika, 53-58.
Mohan, R., Sivakumar, V., Rangasamy, T., & Muralidharan, C. (2016). Optimisation of bromelain enzyme extraction from pineapple (Ananas comosus) and application in process industry. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 12(3), 188-195.
Winarno. (1986). Enzim Pangan dan Gizi. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Ketaren. (1986). Pengantar Teknologi Minyak dan Lemak Pangan . Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Winarti, S., Jariyah., & Purnomo, Y. (2007). Proses Pembuatan VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) secara Enzimatis Menggunakan Papain Kasar. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian.
Wirahadikusumah, M. (1989). Biokimia : Protein, Enzim dan Asam Nukleat. Bandung: ITB Press.
Suhartono. (1992). Protease. Bogor: Pusat Antar Universitas.
Stryer, L. (2000). Bikomia. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC
Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., & Rodwell, V.W. (2009). Biokimia Harper. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran ECG.
Ganda, P. 2009. Kinetika Enzim Pektin Metil Esterase (PME) Endogenous Dari Pulp Biji Kakao. Jurnal Agrotekno Vol. 15, No. 1, Februari 2009. Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Udayana.
Tiana, F., M Bintang, M Safithri. 2017. Inhibisi Enzim α-glukosidase Menggunakan Ekstrak Benalu Cengkeh (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Mic). Jurnal Agroindustri Halal 3(1): 041 – 047. Industri Pertanian Bogor
Published
2022-09-28
How to Cite
Harimurti, S., Nadhifa, N., Febrianti, F. R., Pramana, F. I., Wahita, S. R., Sukamdi, D. P., Krisridwany, A., Widada, H., & Amid, A. (2022). Green Technology On The Virgin Coconut Oil Production Using Enzyme From Pineapple Waste. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 33(3), 412-421. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.1133
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Section
Research Article
