New Insights of Response Surface Methodology Approach in Optimizing Total Phenolic Content of  Zanthoxylum acanthopodium  DC. Fruit Extracted Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction and the Impact to Antioxidant Activity

Sumaiyah Sumaiyah; Retno Murwanti; Didi Nurhadi Illian; Muhammad Fauzan Lubis; Keshia Tampubolon

doi:10.22146/ijc.95922

New Insights of Response Surface Methodology Approach in Optimizing Total Phenolic Content of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruit Extracted Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction and the Impact to Antioxidant Activity

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.95922

Sumaiyah Sumaiyah^(1*), Retno Murwanti⁽²⁾, Didi Nurhadi Illian⁽³⁾, Muhammad Fauzan Lubis⁽⁴⁾, Keshia Tampubolon⁽⁵⁾

(1) Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma, Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, Indonesia
(2) Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
(3) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Syech Abdurrauf, Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
(4) Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma, Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, Indonesia
(5) Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma, Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC., a unique spice plant from North Sumatra, is rich in beneficial secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic compounds. This study utilized the microwave-assisted extraction method to enhance the extraction of these bioactive compounds. The goal was to determine the optimal extraction conditions, including solvent concentration (X₁), microwave power (X₂), and extraction time (X₃) to maximize the total phenolic content (TPC) of Z. acanthopodium fruit. A Box-Behnken design, part of response surface methodology, was used with three factors at three levels: X₁ (50%, 75%, and 100% ethanol in water), X₂ (180, 300, and 450 W), and X₃ (3, 8.5, and 14 min). The phenolic compounds in the optimized extract were identified using LC-HRMS, and its antioxidant activity was measured using radical scavenging activity assays. The statistical analysis indicated a significant quadratic model (p-value < 0.05), with a high R² of 86.25%. Optimal conditions for maximum TPC (159.637 ± 5.72 mg GAE/g) were achieved with 50% ethanol, 450 W, and 8.5 min, outperforming conventional extraction methods. Compared to the non-optimized extract, the optimized extract also exhibited strong antioxidant activity, particularly in DPPH radical inhibition. This method successfully optimized TPC in Z. acanthopodium fruit, enhancing its antioxidant properties.

Keywords

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.; phenol; response surface methodology; microwave-assisted extraction; antioxidant

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.95922