Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using  Citrus sinensis  Peels Assisted by Microwave Irradiation as a Contrast Agents for Computed Tomography Imaging

Tanty Fatikasari; Iis Nurhasanah; Ali Khumaeni

doi:10.22146/ijc.95690

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Citrus sinensis Peels Assisted by Microwave Irradiation as a Contrast Agents for Computed Tomography Imaging

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.95690

Tanty Fatikasari⁽¹⁾, Iis Nurhasanah⁽²⁾, Ali Khumaeni^(3*)

(1) Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
(2) Reseach Center for Laser and Advanced Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedharto SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
(3) Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; Reseach Center for Laser and Advanced Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedharto SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Contrast agents are extensively used to enhance the quality of images in computed tomography (CT) scans for brain exams, vascular imaging, and full-body imaging. Recent data indicate that iodine-based contrast agents have brief durations of blood circulation and may lead to harmful toxicity effects. This study aims to produce silver nanoparticles using environmentally friendly synthesis techniques facilitated by microwaves. The characteristics of nanoparticles have been studied using UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, and TEM techniques. The TEM analysis reveals that the silver nanoparticle has an average diameter of 9 nm and exhibits a spherical shape. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values of silver nanoparticles at 100, 150, and 200 mg/L concentrations are 35.79, 48.16, and 74.66, respectively. In comparison, iodine exhibits CNR values of 28.57, 34.69, and 48.56 at the same concentrations. The CNR values for tube currents of 140, 160, and 180 mA are 37.83, 44.98, and 48.26, respectively. In contrast, the CNR values in silver nanoparticles are 63.64, 75.32, and 81.67. The results obtained from the different concentrations and tube currents clearly demonstrate that silver nanoparticles have a higher CNR than iopamidol. Hence, silver nanoparticles have significant potential as contrast agents.

Keywords

silver nanoparticles; microwave irradiation; contrast agent; computed tomography; contrast to noise ratio

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Jameel, M.S., Aziz, A.A., Dheyab, M.A., Mehrdel, B., Khaniabadi, P.M., and Khaniabadi, B.M., 2021, Green sonochemical synthesis platinum nanoparticles as a novel contrast agent for computed tomography, Mater. Today Commun., 27, 102480.

[2] Aslan, N., Ceylan, B., Koç, M.M., and Findik, F., 2020, Metallic nanoparticles as X-Ray computed tomography (CT) contrast agents: A review, J. Mol. Struct., 1219, 128599.

[3] Caro, C., Dalmases, M., Figuerola, A., García-Martín, M.L., and Leal, M.P., 2017, Highly water-stable rare ternary Ag-Au-Se nanocomposites as long blood circulation time X-ray computed tomography contrast agents, Nanoscale, 9 (21), 7242–7251.

[4] Lee, S.H., and Jun, B.H., 2019, Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis and application for nanomedicine, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20 (4), 865.

[5] Patel, S., and Patel, N.K., 2021, A Review on synthesis of silver nanoparticles - A green expertise, Life Sci. Leafl., 132, 16–24.

[6] Abdulwahid, T.A., and Abid Ali, I.J., 2019, Investigation the effect of silver nanoparticles on sensitivity enhancement ratio in improvement of adipose tissue radiotherapy using high energy photons, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 571 (1), 012108.

[7] Mattea, F., Vedelago, J., Malano, F., Gomez, C., Strumia, M.C., and Valente, M., 2017, Silver nanoparticles in X-ray biomedical applications, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 130, 442–450.

[8] Mondal, I., Raj, S., Roy, P., and Poddar, R., 2018, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a contrast agent for imaging of animal tissue using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT), Laser Phys., 28 (1), 015601.

[9] Fedorenko, S.V., Grechkina, S.L., Mukhametshina, A.R., Solovieva, A.O., Pozmogova, T.N., Miroshnichenko, S.M., Alekseev, A.Y., Shestopalov, M.A., Kholin, K.V., Nizameev, I.R., and Mustafina, A.R., 2018, Silica nanoparticles with Tb(III)-centered luminescence decorated by Ag⁰ as efficient cellular contrast agent with anticancer effect, J. Inorg. Biochem., 182, 170–176.

[10] Salnus, S., Wahab, W., Arfah, R., Zenta, F., Natsir, H., Muriyati, M., Fatimah, F., Rajab, A., Armah, Z., and Irfandi, R., 2022, A review on green synthesis, antimicrobial applications and toxicity of silver nanoparticles mediated by plant extract, Indones. J. Chem., 22 (4), 1129–1143.

[11] Gautam, D., Dolma, K.G., Khandelwal, B., Gupta, M., Singh, M., Mahboob, T., Teotia, A., Thota, P., Bhattacharya, J., Goyal, R., Oliveira, S.M.R., Pereira, M.L., Wiart, C., Wilairatana, P., Eawsakul, K., Rahmatullah, M., Saravanabhavan, S.S., and Nissapatorn, V., 2023, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum Linn. and its antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, PeerJ, 11, e15590.

[12] Senthamil S.R., Anish Kumar, R.Z., and Bhaskar, A., 2016, Phytochemical investigation and in vitro antioxidant activity of Citrus sinensis peel extract, Pharm. Lett., 8 (3), 159–165.

[13] Liew, S.S., Ho, W.Y., Yeap, S.K., and Bin Sharifudin, S.A., 2018, Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Citrus sinensis peel extracts, PeerJ, 6, e5331.

[14] Alahmad, A., Al-Zereini, W.A., Hijazin, T.J., Al-Madanat, O.Y., Alghoraibi, I., Al-Qaralleh, O., Al-Qaraleh, S., Feldhoff, A., Walter, J.G., and Scheper, T., 2022, Green Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Hypericum perforatum L. aqueous extract with the evaluation of its antibacterial activity against clinical and food pathogens, Pharmaceutics, 14 (5), 1104.

[15] Oves, M., Ahmar Rauf, M., Aslam, M., Qari, H.A., Sonbol, H., Ahmad, I., Sarwar Zaman, G., and Saeed, M., 2022, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Conocarpus lancifolius plant extract and their antimicrobial and anticancer activities, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 29 (1), 460–471.

[16] Sharma, L., Dhiman, M., Singh, A., and Sharma, M.M., 2021, Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.: A green approach to evaluate antimicrobial activities, Mater. Today: Proc., 43, 2915–2920.

[17] Lai, X., Guo, R., Xiao, H., Lan, J., Jiang, S., Cui, C., and Ren, E., 2019, Rapid microwave-assisted bio-synthesized silver/Dandelion catalyst with superior catalytic performance for dyes degradation, J. Hazard. Mater., 371, 506–512.

[18] Simatupang, C., Jindal, V.K., and Jindal, R., 2021, Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using orange peel extract for application in catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye, Environ. Nat. Resour. J., 19 (6), 468–480.

[19] Khammar, Z., Sadeghi, E., Raesi, S., Mohammadi, R., Dadvar, A., and Rouhi, M., 2022, Optimization of biosynthesis of stabilized silver nanoparticles using bitter orange peel by-products and glycerol, Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 43, 102425.

[20] Rohaeti, E., and Rakhmawati, A., 2017, Application of Terminalia catappa in preparation of silver nanoparticles to develop antibacterial nylon, Orient. J. Chem., 33 (6), 2905–2912.

[21] Deivanathan, S.K., and Prakash, J.T.J., 2022, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Guettarda speciosa and its antimicrobial and anti-oxidative properties, Chem. Data Collect., 38, 100831.

[22] Davis, A.T., Palmer, A.L., Pani, S., and Nisbet, A., 2018, Assessment of the variation in CT scanner performance (image quality and Hounsfield units) with scan parameters, for image optimisation in radiotherapy treatment planning, Physica Med., 45, 59–64.

[23] Drummer, S., Madzimbamuto, T., and Chowdhury, M., 2021, Green synthesis of transition metal nanoparticles and their oxides: A review, Materials, 14 (11), 2700.

[24] Długosz, O., and Banach, M., 2020, Continuous synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in microwave reactor, Colloids Surf., A, 606, 125453.

[25] Porrawatkul, P., Pimsen, R., Kuyyogsuy, A., Teppaya, N., Noypha, A., Chanthai, S., and Nuengmatcha, P., 2022, Microwave-assisted synthesis of Ag/ZnO nanoparticles using Averrhoa carambola fruit extract as the reducing agent and their application in cotton fabrics with antibacterial and UV-protection properties, RSC Adv., 12 (24), 15008–15019.

[26] Mogole, L., Omwoyo, W., Viljoen, E., and Moloto, M., 2021, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peels and evaluation of their antibacterial efficacy, Green Process. Synth., 10 (1), 851–859.

[27] Kummara, S., Patil, M.B., and Uriah, T., 2016, Synthesis, characterization, biocompatible and anticancer activity of green and chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles – A comparative study, Biomed. Pharmacother., 84, 10–21.

[28] Zayed, M., Ghazal, H., Othman, H.A., and Hassabo, A.G., 2021, Synthesis of different nanometals using Citrus sinensis peel (orange peel) waste extraction for valuable functionalization of cotton fabric, Chem. Pap., 76 (2), 639–660.

[29] Kokila, T., Ramesh, P.S., and Geetha, D., 2015, Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Cavendish banana peel extract and its antibacterial and free radical scavenging assay: A novel biological approach, Appl. Nanosci., 5 (8), 911–920.

[30] Adrianto, N., Panre, A.M., Istiqomah, N.I., Riswan, M., Apriliani, F., and Suharyadi, E., 2022, Localized surface plasmon resonance properties of green synthesized silver nanoparticles, Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects, 31, 100895.

[31] Gurumurthy, B.R., Dinesh, B., and Ramesh, K.P., 2017, Structural analysis of merino wool, pashmina and angora fibers using analytical instruments like scanning electron microscope and infra-red spectroscopy, Int. J. Eng. Technol. Sci. Res., 4 (8), 112–125.

[32] Rengga, W.D.P., Yufitasari, A., and Adi, W., 2017, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate solution using green tea extract (Camelia sinensis) as bioreductor, JBAT, 6 (1), 32–38.

[33] Rusnaenah, A., Zakir, M., and Budi, P., 2017, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using bioreductor of catappa leaf extract (Terminalia catappa), Indones. Chim. Acta, 10 (1), 35–43.

[34] Bawazeer, S., Rauf, A., Shah, S.U.A., Shawky, A.M., Al-Awthan, Y.S., Bahattab, O.S., Uddin, G., Sabir, J., and El-Esawi, M.A., 2021, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tropaeolum majus: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial studies, Green Process. Synth., 10 (1), 85–94.

[35] Nnemeka, I., Godwin, E.U., Olakunle, F., Olushola, O., Moses, O., Chidozie, O.P., and Rufus, S., 2016, Microwave enhanced synthesis of silver nanoparticles using orange peel extracts from Nigeria, Chem. Biomol. Eng., 1 (1), 5–11.

[36] Susan Punnoose, M., Bijimol, D., and Mathew, B., 2021, Microwave assisted green synthesis of gold nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of environmental pollutants, Environ. Nanotechnol., Monit. Manage., 16, 100525.

[37] Skiba, M.I., and Vorobyova, V.I., 2019, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using orange peel extract prepared by plasmochemical extraction method and degradation of methylene blue under solar irradiation, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2019 (1), 8306015.

[38] Sabzi, M., and Mersagh Dezfuli, S., 2018, A study on the effect of compositing silver oxide nanoparticles by carbon on the ‎electrochemical behavior and electronic properties of zinc-silver oxide batteries‎, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 15 (6), 1446–1458.

[39] Badi'ah, H.I., Seedeh, F., Supriyanto, G., and Zaidan, A.H., 2019, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and the development in analysis method, IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 217 (1), 012005.

[40] Hassan, A.M.S., Mahmoud, A.B.S., Ramadan, M.F., and Eissa, M.A., 2022, Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Annona squamosa peels extract: Characterization, antioxidant, and amylase inhibition activities, Rend. Lincei Sci. Fis. Nat., 33 (1), 83–91.

[41] Horne, J., De Bleye, C., Lebrun, P., Kemik, K., Van Laethem, T., Sacré, P.Y., Hubert, P., Hubert, C., and Ziemons, E., 2023, Optimization of silver nanoparticles synthesis by chemical reduction to enhance SERS quantitative performances: Early characterization using the quality by design approach, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 233, 115475.

[42] Lokman, M.Q., Mohd Rusdi, M.F., Rosol, A.H.A., Ahmad, F., Shafie, S., Yahaya, H., Mohd Rosnan, R., Abdul Rahman, M.A., and Harun, S.W., 2021, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using chemical reduction techniques for Q-switcher at 1.5 µm region, Optik, 244, 167621.

[43] Mamdouh, S., Mahmoud, A., Samir, A., Mobarak, M., and Mohamed, T., 2022, Using femtosecond laser pulses to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of silver nanoparticles colloids in distilled water synthesized by laser ablation, Physica B, 631, 413727.

[44] Sadeghian, M., Akhlaghi, P., and Mesbahi, A., 2020, Investigation of imaging properties of novel contrast agents based on gold, silver and bismuth nanoparticles in spectral computed tomography using Monte Carlo simulation, Pol. J. Med. Phys. Eng., 26 (1), 21–29.

[45] Xue, N.C., Zhou, C.H., Chu, Z.Y., Chen, L.N., and Jia, N.Q., 2021, Barley leaves mediated biosynthesis of Au nanomaterials as a potential contrast agent for computed tomography imaging, Sci. China: Technol. Sci., 64 (2), 433–440.

[46] Dance, D.R., Christofides, S., Maidment, A.D.A., McLean, I.D., and Ng, K.H., 2014, Diagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students, ‎ International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.

[47] Matsubara, K., Takata, T., Kobayashi, M., Kobayashi, S., Koshida, K., and Gabata, T., 2016, Tube current modulation between single-and dual-energy CT with a second-generation dual-source scanner: Radiation dose and image quality, Am. J. Roentgenol., 207 (2), 354–361.

[48] Katkar, R., Steffy, D.D., Noujeim, M., Deahl, S.T., and Geha, H., 2016, The effect of milliamperage, number of basis images, and export slice thickness on contrast-to-noise ratio and detection of mandibular canal on cone beam computed tomography scans: An in vitro study, Oral Surg., Oral Med., Oral Pathol., Oral Radiol., 122 (5), 646–653.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.95690