Synergistic Ti-Fe Oxides on Fishbone-Derived Carbon Sulfonate: Enhanced Styrene Oxidation Catalysis

Mukhamad Nurhadi; Ratna Kusumawardani; Teguh Wirawan; Sin Yuan Lai; Hadi Nur

doi:10.22146/ijc.80667

Synergistic Ti-Fe Oxides on Fishbone-Derived Carbon Sulfonate: Enhanced Styrene Oxidation Catalysis

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.80667

Mukhamad Nurhadi^(1*), Ratna Kusumawardani⁽²⁾, Teguh Wirawan⁽³⁾, Sin Yuan Lai⁽⁴⁾, Hadi Nur⁽⁵⁾

(1) Department of Chemical Education, Universitas Mulawarman, Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemical Education, Universitas Mulawarman, Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia
(4) School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43900, Malaysia; Kelip-kelip! Center of Excellence for Light Enabling Technologies, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
(5) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia; Center of Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy (CAMRY), Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Fishbone-derived carbon sulfonate, modified through incipient wetness impregnation with titanium tetraisopropoxide and iron nitrate salts, displays catalytic activity in the oxidation of styrene with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as an oxidant. This was done to develop a cost-effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly bimetallic oxide catalyst, incorporating titanium and iron oxides on mesoporous-derived carbon fishbone to enhance styrene conversion and benzaldehyde selectivity in styrene oxidation using aqueous H₂O₂. The catalyst, featuring a combination of titanium and iron oxides on the surface of the fishbone-derived carbon sulfonate, demonstrates higher catalytic activity than single oxide catalysts, such as titanium or iron oxides alone. Factors influencing the catalyst's performance are investigated by using FTIR, XRD, XRF, SEM, and BET surface area. The results reveal that the presence of both titanium and iron oxides on the surface of the fishbone-derived carbon sulfonate and the catalyst's surface area creates a synergistic effect, the primary factors affecting its catalytic activity in styrene oxidation using H₂O₂ as an oxidant.

Keywords

iron; oxidation; styrene; synergistic effect; titanium

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.80667