Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Microstructure Behavior of Gelcasted Porous Ceramics Using Cassava Starch as Pore Template

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.78875

Suriati Eka Putri(1), Diana Eka Pratiwi(2), Rachmat Triandi Tjahjanto(3), Nita Magfirah Ilyas(4), Dahlang Tahir(5), Abd Rahman(6), Heryanto Heryanto(7*)

(1) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Jl. Daeng Tata, Makassar 90244, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Jl. Daeng Tata, Makassar 90244, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Jl. Daeng Tata, Makassar 90244, Indonesia
(5) Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 20, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
(6) Inorganic Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Academic Belt Road, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
(7) Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 20, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The gelcasting technique was employed to fabricate porous ceramics utilizing kaolinite clay as the base material with a combination of 20 wt.% cassava starch. The utilization of cassava starch as a pore-template material is a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. The dry mixture compacted pellets underwent calcination for 2 h at three distinct sintering temperatures, namely 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The present study investigated the impact of sintering temperatures on various ceramic properties, including but not limited to porosity, hardness, crystallinity, lattice strain, and morphology. Furthermore, an increase in sintering temperature led to a reduction in crystallinity of the ceramic material from 81.71 to 78.06%, while the lattice strain increased, as determined by the full width at half maximum peak diffraction calculation. The study determined that the pore size remained microporous (21 Å) across all temperature treatments. Ultimately, a porous ceramic material was fabricated, exhibiting a porosity of 39.44% by volume and a desirable hardness of 94 HB. The optimal sintering temperature for this material was found to be 900 °C. The anticipated application of the porous ceramic, which has taken on a pellet shape, is as a catalyst support for wastewater filtration in the future.


Keywords


cassava starch; kaolinite clay; sintering

Full Text:

Full Text PDF


References

[1] Guo, W., Hu, T., Qin, H., Gao, P., and Xiao, H., 2021, Preparation and in situ reduction of Ni/SiCxOy catalysts supported on porous SiC ceramic for ethanol steam reforming, Ceram. Int., 47 (10, Part A), 13738–13744.

[2] Putri, S.E., Pratiwi, D.E., Tjahjanto, R.T., Hasri, H., Andi, I., Rahman, A., Ramadani, A.I.W.S., Ramadhani, A.N., Subaer, S., and Fudholi, A., 2022, The renewable of low toxicity gelcasting porous ceramic as Fe2O3 catalyst support on phenol photodegradation, Int. J. Des. Nat. Ecodyn., 17 (4), 503–511.

[3] Putri, S.E., Pratiwi, D.E., Triandi, R., Mardiana, D., and Side, S., 2018, Performance test of gelcasted porous ceramic as adsorbent of azo dyes, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1028, 012039.

[4] Kim, I.J., Park, J.G., Han, Y.H., Kim, S.Y., and Shackelford, J.F., 2019, Wet foam stability from colloidal suspension to porous ceramics: A review, J. Korean Ceram. Soc., 56 (3), 211–232.

[5] Chen, Y., Wang, N., Ola, O., Xia, Y., and Zhu, Y., 2021, Porous ceramics: Light in weight but heavy in energy and environment technologies, Mater. Sci. Eng.: R: Rep., 143, 100589.

[6] Ismail, A.K., Abdullah, M.Z., Zubair, M., Jamaludin, A.R., and Ahmad, Z.A., 2016, Effect of ceramic coating in combustion and cogeneration performance of Al2O3 porous medium, J. Energy Inst., 89 (1), 81–93.

[7] Fontão, N.C., Ferrari, L.N., Sapatieri, J.C., Rezwan, K., and Wilhelm, M., 2022, Influence of the pyrolysis temperature and TiO2-incorporation on the properties of SiOC/SiC composites for efficient wastewater treatment applications, Membranes, 12 (2), 175.

[8] Akhtar, F., Rehman, Y., and Bergström, L., 2010, A study of the sintering of diatomaceous earth to produce porous ceramic monoliths with bimodal porosity and high strength, Powder Technol., 201 (3), 253–257.

[9] Nepomuceno, M.C.S., Bernardo, L.F.A., Pereira-de-Oliveira, L.A., and Timóteo, R.O., 2021, Cement-based grouts for masonry consolidation with high content of limestone filler, metakaolin, glass powder and ceramic waste, Constr. Build. Mater., 306, 124947.

[10] Liu, K., Zhou, C., Chen, F., Sun, H., and Zhang, K., 2020, Fabrication of complicated ceramic parts by gelcasting based on additive manufactured acetone-soluble plastic mold, Ceram. Int., 46 (16, Part A), 25220–25229.

[11] de Morais Santos, L.N.R., de Melo Cartaxo, J., Silva, J.R.S., Rodrigues, A.M., de Andrade Dantas, E.L., de Sousa, F.B., de Araújo Neves, G., and Menezes, R.R., 2021, High porous ceramics with isometric pores by a novel saponification/gelation/freeze-casting combined route, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 41 (14), 7111–7118.

[12] Shahbazi, H., and Tataei, M., 2019, A novel technique of gel-casting for producing dense ceramics of spinel (MgAl2O4), Ceram. Int., 45 (7, Part A), 8727–8733.

[13] Hooshmand, S., Nordin, J., and Akhtar, F., 2019, Porous alumina ceramics by gel casting: Effect of type of sacrificial template on the properties, Int. J. Ceram. Eng. Sci., 1 (2), 77–84.

[14] Jesus, M.A.M.L., Ferreira, A.M., Lima, L.F.S., Batista, G.F., Mambrini, R.V., and Mohallem, N.D.S., 2021, Micro-mesoporous TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposites: Sol-gel synthesis, characterization, and enhanced photodegradation of quinoline, Ceram. Int., 47 (17), 23844–23850.

[15] Han, L., Li, F., Zhang, H., Dong, L., Pei, Y., Zhu, Q., Wu, W., Jia, Q., and Zhang, S., 2019, Low-temperature preparation of porous diatomite ceramics via direct-gelcasting using melamine and boric acid as cross-linker and sintering agent, Ceram. Int., 45 (18, Part A), 24469–24473.

[16] Jana, D.C., Sundararajan, G., and Chattopadhyay, K., 2017, Effect of monomers content in enhancing solid-state densification of silicon carbide ceramics by aqueous gelcasting and pressureless sintering, Ceram. Int., 43 (6), 4852–4857.

[17] Han, L., Li, F., Huang, L., Zhang, H., Pei, Y., Dong, L., Zhang, J., and Zhang, S., 2018, Preparation of Si3N4 porous ceramics via foam-gelcasting and microwave-nitridation method, Ceram. Int., 44 (15), 17675–17680.

[18] Bengisu, M., and Yilmaz, E., 2002, Gelcasting of alumina and zirconia using chitosan gels, Ceram. Int., 28 (4), 431–438.

[19] Kandi, K.K., Thallapalli, N., Kumar, M.S., and Raod, C.S.P., 2019, Fabrication and parametric optimization of SiO2-BN gelcast ceramic composites using response surface methodology, Mater. Today: Proc., 18, 2298–2307.

[20] Wan, W., Huang, C., Yang, J., and Qiu, T., 2014, Study on gelcasting of fused silica glass using glutinous rice flour as binder, Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 5 (4), 401–409.

[21] Luchese, C.L., Spada, J.C., and Tessaro, I.C., 2017, Starch content affects physicochemical properties of corn and cassava starch-based films, Ind. Crops Prod., 109, 619–626.

[22] He, X., Su, B., Zhou, X., Yang, J., Zhao, B., Wang, X., Yang, G., Tang, Z., and Qiu, H., 2011, Gelcasting of alumina ceramics using an egg white protein binder system, Ceram.-Silik., 55 (1), 1–7.

[23] Mohammed, M.N., Yusoh, K., and Haji Shariffuddin, J.H., 2020, Thermal and structure analysis based on exfoliation of clay in thermosensitive polymer by in-situ polymerization, Indones. J. Chem., 20 (1), 88–95.

[24] Liu, Y.F., Liu, X.Q., Wei, H., and Meng, G.Y., 2001, Porous mullite ceramics from national clay produced by gelcasting, Ceram. Int., 27 (1), 1–7.

[25] Liu, Y.F., Liu, X.Q., Li, G., and Meng, G.Y., 2001, Low cost porous mullite-corundum ceramics by gelcasting, J. Mater. Sci., 36 (15), 3687–3692.

[26] Putri, S.E., Pratiwi, D.E., Tjahjanto, R.T., and Rahman, A., 2022, The effect of binder concentration on the ability of gelcasting porous ceramics as TiO2 support catalyst, Indones. J. Fundam. Sci., 8 (1), 51–60.

[27] Barros Calado, C.M., Iturri, M.S., Colonetti, V.C., Constantino de Souza, V., Fernandes, C.P., Hotza, D., and Novy Quadri, M.G., 2021, Green production of cellular ceramics by emulsification of sunflower oil followed by gelcasting and starch consolidation, J. Cleaner Prod., 282, 124468.

[28] Offner, A., Bach, A., and Sauvant, D., 2003, Quantitative review of in situ starch degradation in the rumen, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 106 (1-4), 81–93.

[29] Nie, Z., and Lin, Y., 2015, Fabrication of porous alumina ceramics with corn starch in an easy and low-cost way, Ceram.-Silik., 50 (4), 348–352.

[30] Low, I.M., and McPherson, I.M., 1988, The structure and composition of Al-Si spinel, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 7 (11), 1196–1198.

[31] Kagonbé, B.P., Tsozué, D., Nzeukou, A.N., and Ngos, S., 2021, Mineralogical, physico-chemical and ceramic properties of clay materials from Sekandé and Gashiga (North, Cameroon) and their suitability in earthenware production, Heliyon, 7 (7), e07608.

[32] Lu, J., Li, Y., Zou, C., Liu, Z., and Wang, C., 2018, Effect of sintering additives on the densification, crystallization and flexural strength of sintered glass-ceramics from waste granite powder, Mater. Chem. Phys., 216, 1–7.

[33] Mouiya, M., Bouazizi, A., Abourriche, A., Benhammou, A., El Hafiane, Y., Ouammou, M., Abouliatim, Y., Younssi, S.A., Smith, A., and Hannache, H., 2019, Fabrication and characterization of a ceramic membrane from clay and banana peel powder: Application to industrial wastewater treatment, Mater. Chem. Phys., 227, 291–301.

[34] Almasri, K.A., Sidek, H.A.A., Matori, K.A., and Mohd Zaid, M.H., 2017, Effect of sintering temperature on physical, structural and optical properties of wollastonite based glass-ceramic derived from waste soda lime silica glasses, Results Phys., 7, 2242–2247.

[35] Jangong, O.S., Heryanto, H., Rahmat, R., Mutmainna, I., Gareso, P.L., and Tahir, D., 2021, Effect of sugar palm fiber (SPF) to the structural and optical properties of bioplastics (SPF/starch/chitosan/polypropylene) in supporting mechanical properties and degradation performance, J. Polym. Environ., 29 (6), 1694–1705.

[36] Suryani, S., Heryanto, H., Rusdaeni, R., Fahri, A.N., and Tahir, D., 2020, Quantitative analysis of diffraction and infra-red spectra of composite cement/BaSO4/Fe3O4 for determining correlation between attenuation coefficient, structural and optical properties, Ceram. Int., 46 (11, Part B), 18601–18607.

[37] Singh, L.K., Bhadauria, A., Jana, S., and Laha, T., 2018, Effect of sintering temperature and heating rate on crystallite size, densification behaviour and mechanical properties of Al-MWCNT nanocomposite consolidated via spark plasma sintering, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 31 (10), 1019–1030.

[38] Reddy, M.P., Shakoor, R.A., Mohamed, A.M.A., Gupta, M., and Huang, Q., 2016, Effect of sintering temperature on the structural and magnetic properties of MgFe2O4 ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering, Ceram. Int., 42 (3), 4221–4227.

[39] Venkatesh, D., Siva Ram Prasad, M., Rajesh Babu, B., Ramesh, K.V., and Trinath, K., 2015, Effect of sintering temperature on the micro strain and magnetic properties of Ni-Zn nanoferrites, J. Magn., 20 (3), 229–240.

[40] Mouiya, M., Bouazizi, A., Abourriche, A., El Khessaimi, Y., Benhammou, A., El hafiane, Y., Taha, Y., Oumam, M., Abouliatim, Y., Smith, A., and Hannache, H., 2019, Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of porous ceramics made from clay and banana peel powder, Results Mater., 4, 100028.

[41] Feng, D., Ren, Q., Ru, H., Wang, W., Jiang, Y., Ren, S., and Zhang, C., 2019, Effect of oxygen content on the sintering behaviour and mechanical properties of SiC ceramics, Ceram. Int., 45 (18, Part A), 23984–23992.

[42] Liu, P., Li, Z., Xiao, P., Luo, H., and Jiang, T., 2018, Microstructure and mechanical properties of in-situ grown mullite toughened 3Y-TZP zirconia ceramics fabricated by gelcasting, Ceram. Int., 44 (2), 1394–1403.

[43] Mohamed Ariff, A.H., Mohamad Najib, M.A., Mohd Tahir, S., As’Arry, A., and Mazlan, N., 2021, Effect of sintering temperature on the properties of porous Al2O3-10 wt% RHA/10 wt% Al composite, Adv. Mater. Process. Technol., 7 (3), 417–428.

[44] Lin, K.L., Chang, J.C., Shie, J.L., Chen, H.J., and Ma, C.M., 2012, Characteristics of porous ceramics produced from waste diatomite and water purification sludge, Environ. Eng. Sci., 29 (6), 436–446.

[45] Bahrami, A., Simon, U., Soltani, N., Zavareh, S., Schmidt, J., Pech-Canul, M.I., and Gurlo, A., 2017, Eco-fabrication of hierarchical porous silica monoliths by ice-templating of rice husk ash, Green Chem., 19 (1), 188–195.

[46] Hao, L., Gao, W., Yan, S., Niu, M., Liu, G., and Hao, H., 2019, Preparation and characterization of porous ceramics with low-grade diatomite and oyster shell, Mater. Chem. Phys., 235, 121741.

[47] Aksel, C., 2003, The effect of mullite on the mechanical properties and thermal shock behaviour of alumina–mullite refractory materials, Ceram. Int., 29 (2), 183–188.

[48] Putri, S.E., and Pratiwi, D.E., 2016, The Effect of Mole Ratio of Acrylamide (AM) Monomer and Methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBAM) Crosslinker Toward the Hardmess of Gelcasting Porous Ceramics, Proceeding of ICMSTEA 2016: International Conference on Mathematics, Science, Technology, Education and their Applications, Makassar, Indonesia, 3rd–4th October 2016, 412–415.

[49] Amir, N., Tahir, D., and Heryanto, H., 2023, Synthesis, structural and optical characteristics of activated carbon photocatalysts to adsorb pesticide waste, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 34 (5), 445–458.

[50] Ilyas, S., Heryanto, H., and Tahir, D., 2021, Correlation between structural and optical properties of CuO/carbon nanoparticle in supports the photocatalytic performance and attenuate the electromagnetic wave, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9 (1), 104670.

[51] Heryanto, H., and Tahir, D., 2021, The correlations between structural and optical properties of magnetite nanoparticles synthesised from natural iron sand, Ceram. Int., 47 (12), 16820–16827.

[52] Brunauer, S., Deming, L.S., Deming, W.E., and Teller, E., 1940, On a theory of the van der Waals adsorption of gases, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 62 (7), 1723–1732.

[53] Putri, S.E., Pratiwi, D.E., Tjahjanto, R.T., Mardiana, D., and Subaer, S., 2018, On the effect of acrylamide and methylenebicacrylamid ratio on gelcasted ceramic pore character, J. Chem. Technol. Metall., 53 (5), 841–844.

[54] Salomão, R., and Brandi, J., 2013, Macrostructures with hierarchical porosity produced from alumina-aluminum hydroxide-chitosan wet-spun fibers, Ceram. Int., 39 (7), 8227–8235.

[55] Wang, W., Wang, M., Feng, X., Zhao, W., Luan, C., and Ma, J., 2018, Effects of deposition temperature on the structural and optical properties of single crystalline rutile TiO2 films, Mater. Chem. Phys., 211, 172–176.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.78875

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 1983 | views : 1337


Copyright (c) 2023 Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 


Indonesian Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 1411-9420 /e-ISSN 2460-1578) - Chemistry Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Web
Analytics View The Statistics of Indones. J. Chem.