Influence of Different Kinds of Plant Fibers on the Curing Kinetics of Epoxy Resin

Yeng-Fong Shih; Jia-Yi Xu; Nian-Yi Wu; Ting-Yuan Ou; Saprini Hamdiani

doi:10.22146/ijc.66771

Influence of Different Kinds of Plant Fibers on the Curing Kinetics of Epoxy Resin

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.66771

Yeng-Fong Shih⁽¹⁾, Jia-Yi Xu⁽²⁾, Nian-Yi Wu⁽³⁾, Ting-Yuan Ou⁽⁴⁾, Saprini Hamdiani^(5*)

(1) Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, No. 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
(2) Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, No. 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
(3) Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, No. 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
(4) Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, No. 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
(5) Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, No. 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 41349, Taiwan Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Mataram, Majapahit Street No. 62, NTB 83115, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

The curing kinetics of the epoxy resin crosslinked by an anhydride hardener with and without plant fibers was investigated. The epoxy composites containing modified pineapple leaf fiber (EASF), banana fiber (EBSF), and bamboo chopsticks fibers (ECSF) were analyzed by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. Dynamic methods were used to predict the total heat of reaction of the epoxy resin and its activation energy based on the methods of Kissinger and Ozawa. The results showed that, at a low heating rate (5 °C/min), the ΔH of the pure epoxy, EASF, EBSF, and ECSF were 326.2, 307.6, 295.6, and 366.6 J/g, respectively. The curing rate increased, and the activation energy was decreased due to the catalytic role of hydroxyl groups of plant fibers. Based on Kissinger and Ozawa methods, the calculation of activation energy for pure epoxy was 70.08 kJ/mol and 73.21 kJ/mol, EBSF was 68.07 kJ/mol and 71.41 kJ/mol, ECSF was 60.11 kJ/mol and 63.87 kJ/mol, and EASF was 58.71 kJ/mol and 62.49 kJ/mol. The activation energy for the three kinds of epoxy composite modified fibers was less than pure epoxy resin due to the gel effect resulting from the higher viscosity, faster curing rate, and steric hindrance.

Keywords

epoxy; curing kinetics; plant fiber; activation energy

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Saba, N., Jawaid, M., Alothman, O.Y., Paridah, M., and Hassan, A., 2016, Recent advances in epoxy resin, natural fiber-reinforced epoxy composites and their applications, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 35 (6), 447–470.

[2] Kumar, R., Kumar, K., Sahoo, P., and Bhowmik, S., 2014, Study of mechanical properties of wood dust reinforced epoxy composite, Procedia Mater. Sci., 6, 551–556.

[3] Rohit, K., and Dixit, S., 2016, A review - Future aspect of natural fiber reinforced composite, Polym. Renewable Resour., 7 (2), 43–59.

[4] Mahmud, S., Hasan, K.M.F., Jahid, M.A., Mohiuddin, K., Zhang, R., and Zhu, J., 2021, Comprehensive review on plant fiber-reinforced polymeric biocomposites, J. Mater. Sci., 56 (12), 7231–7264.

[5] Sapuan, S.M., Leenie, A., Harimi, M., and Beng, Y.K., 2006, Mechanical properties of woven banana fibre reinforced epoxy composites, Mater. Des., 27 (8), 689–693.

[6] Wang, K.H., Wu, T.M., Shih, Y.F., and Huang, C.M., 2008, Water bamboo husk reinforced poly(lactic acid) green composites, Polym. Eng. Sci., 48 (9), 1833–1839.

[7] Amor, I.B., Ghallabi, Z., Kaddami, H., Raihane, M., Arous, M., and Kallel, A., 2010, Experimental study of relaxation process in unidirectional (epoxy/palm tree fiber) composite, J. Mol. Liq., 154 (2-3), 61–68.

[8] Jawaid, M., Abdul Khalil, H.P.S., and Abu Bakar, A., 2010, Mechanical performance of oil palm empty fruit bunches/jute fibres reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 527 (29-30), 7944–7949.

[9] De Rosa, I.M., Santulli, C., and Sarasini, F., 2010, Mechanical and thermal characterization of epoxy composites reinforced with random and quasi-unidirectional untreated Phormium tenax leaf fibers, Mater. Des., 31 (5), 2397–2405.

[10] Bessa, W., Trache, D., Derradji, M., Ambar, H., Tarchoun, A.F., Benziane, M., and Guedouar, B., 2020, Characterization of raw and treated Arundo donax L. cellulosic fibers and their effect on the curing kinetics of bisphenol A-based benzoxazine, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 164, 2931–2943.

[11] Libera, V.D., Teixeira, L.A., Leão, R.M., and Luz, S.M., 2019, Evaluation of thermal behavior and cure kinetics of a curauá fiber prepreg by the non-isothermal method, Mater. Today: Proc., 8, 839–846.

[12] Achilias, D.S., Karabela, M.M., Varkopoulou, E.A., and Sideridou, I.D., 2012, Cure kinetics study of two epoxy systems with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), J. Macromol. Sci., Part A: Pure Appl. Chem., 49 (8), 630–638.

[13] Yeo, H., 2019, Curing kinetics of liquid crystalline 4,4′-diglycidyloxybiphenyl epoxy with various diamines, Polymer, 168, 209–217.

[14] Ren, R., Xiong, X., Ma, X., Liu, S., Wang, J., Chen, P., and Zeng, Y., 2016, Isothermal curing kinetics and mechanism of DGEBA epoxy resin with phthalide-containing aromatic diamine, Thermochim. Acta, 623, 15–21.

[15] Shih, Y.F., Cai, J.X., Kuan, C.S., and Hsieh, C.F., 2012, Plant fibers and wasted fiber/epoxy green composites, Composites, Part B, 43 (7), 2817–2821.

[16] Boopalan, M., Niranjanaa, M., and Umapathy, M.J., 2013, Study on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of jute and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, Composites, Part B, 51, 54–57.

[17] Jain, J., Jain, S., and Sinha, S., 2019, Characterization and thermal kinetic analysis of pineapple leaf fibers and their reinforcement in epoxy, J. Elastomers Plast., 51 (3), 224–243.

[18] Shih, Y.F., Chang, W.C., Liu, W.C., Lee, C.C., Kuan, C.S., and Yu, Y.H., 2014, Pineapple leaf/recycled disposable chopstick hybrid fiber-reinforced biodegradable composites, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 45 (4), 2039–2046.

[19] Ozawa, T., 1971, Kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization, Polymer, 12 (3), 150–158.

[20] Zheng, T., Xi, H., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Qiao, Y., Wang, P., Li, Q., Li, Z., Ji, C., and Wang, X., 2020, The curing kinetics and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced by PEEK microparticles, Polym. Test., 91, 106781.

[21] Kumar, S., Samal, S.K., Mohanty, S., and Nayak, S.K., 2017, Study of curing kinetics of anhydride cured petroleum-based (DGEBA) epoxy resin and renewable resource based epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) systems catalyzed by 2-methylimidazole, Thermochim. Acta, 654, 112–120.

[22] Kissinger, H.E., 1956, Variation of peak temperature with heating rate in differential thermal analysis, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 57 (4), 217–221.

[23] Ferdosian, F., Zhang, Y., Yuan, Z., Anderson, M., and Xu, C.C., 2016, Curing kinetics and mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy composites comprising lignin-based epoxy resins, Eur. Polym. J., 82, 153–165.

[24] Tikhani, F., Moghari, S., Jouyandeh, M., Laoutid, F., Vahabi, H., Saeb, M.R., and Dubois, P., 2020, Curing kinetics and thermal stability of epoxy composites containing newly obtained nano-scale aluminum hypophosphite (AlPO₂), Polymers, 12 (3), 644.

[25] Saeb, M.R., Rastin, H., Nonahal, M., Ghaffari, M., Jannesari, A., and Formela, K., 2017, Cure kinetics of epoxy/MWCNTs nanocomposites: Nonisothermal calorimetric and rheokinetic techniques, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 134 (35), 45221.

[26] Wu, F., Zhou, X., and Yu, X., 2018, Reaction mechanism, cure behavior and properties of a multifunctional epoxy resin, TGDDM, with latent curing agent dicyandiamide, RSC Adv., 8 (15), 8248–8258.

[27] Thanki, J.D., and Parsania, P.H., 2017, Dynamic DSC curing kinetics and thermogravimetric study of epoxy resin of 9,9′-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)anthrone-10, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 130 (3), 2145–2156.

[28] Barrett, K.E.J., 1967, Determination of rates of thermal decomposition of polymerization initiators with a differential scanning calorimeter, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 11 (4), 1617–1626.

[29] Tripathi, M., Kumar, D., Rajagopal, C., and Roy, P.K., 2015, Curing kinetics of self-healing epoxy thermosets, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 119 (1), 547–555.

[30] Flynn, J.H., and Wall, L.A., 1966, A quick, direct method for the determination of activation energy from thermogravimetric data, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Lett., 4 (5), 323–328.

[31] Buitrago, B., Jaramillo, F., and Gómez, M., 2015, Some properties of natural fibers (sisal, pineapple, and banana) in comparison to man-made technical fibers (aramide, glass, carbon), J. Nat. Fibers, 12 (4), 357–367.

[32] Sari, N.H., Wardana, I.N.G., Irawan, Y.S., and Siswanto, E., 2018, Characterization of the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of NaOH-treated natural cellulosic fibers from corn husks, J. Nat. Fibers, 15 (4), 545–558.

[33] Wahyuningsih, K., Iriani, E.S., and Fahma, F., 2016, Utilization of cellulose from pineapple leaf fibers as nanofiller in polyvinyl alcohol-based film, Indones. J. Chem., 16 (2), 181–189.

[34] Asim, M., Abdan, K., Jawaid, M., Nasir, M., Dashtizadeh, Z., Ishak, M.R., and Hoque, M.E., 2015, A review on pineapple leaves fibre and its composites, Int. J. Polym. Sci., 2015, 950567.

[35] Radoor, S., Karayil, J., Rangappa, S.M., Siengchin, S., and Parameswaranpillai, J., 2020, A review on the extraction of pineapple, sisal and abaca fibers and their use as reinforcement in polymer matrix, eXPRESS Polym. Lett., 14 (4), 309–335.

[36] Padam, B.S., Tin, H.S., Chye, F.Y., and Abdullah, M.I., 2014, Banana by-products: An under-utilized renewable food biomass with great potential, J. Food Sci. Technol., 51 (12), 3527–3545.

[37] Lu, T., Jiang, M., Jiang, Z., Hui, D., Wang, Z., and Zhou, Z., 2013, Effect of surface modification of bamboo cellulose fibers on mechanical properties of cellulose/epoxy composites, Composites, Part B, 51, 28–34.

[38] Parbin, S., Waghmare, N.K., Singh, S.K., and Khan, S., 2019, Mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites: A review, Procedia Comput. Sci., 152, 375–379.

[39] Sivasubramanian, P., Mayandi, K., Santulli, C., Alavudeen, A., and Rajini, N., 2020, Effect of fiber length on curing and mechanical behavior of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced natural rubber composites, J. Nat. Fibers, 0 (0), 1–12.

[40] Chandra Sekhar, V., Sreedhar, C., and Rajesh, P., 2018, Effect of fiber loading and fiber length on tensile properties of fiber reinforced epoxy composites, Mater. Today: Proc., 5 (13), 27149–27154.

[41] Nascimento, L.F.C., da Luz, F.S., Costa, U.O., Braga, F.O., Lima Júnior, É.P., and Monteiro, S.N., 2019, Curing kinetic parameters of epoxy composite reinforced with mallow fibers, Materials, 12 (23), 3939.

[42] Zhu, L., Wang, Z., Rahman, M.B., Shen, W., and Zhu, C., 2021, The curing kinetics of E-glass fiber/epoxy resin prepreg and the bending properties of its products, Materials, 14, 4673.

[43] Ferdosian, F., Yuan, Z., Anderson, M., and Xu, C.C., 2016, Thermal performance and thermal decomposition kinetics of lignin-based epoxy resins, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 119, 124–132.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.66771