ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE INDIRECT RISK OF NATURALLY OCCURING MERCURY AND CADMIUM THROUGH Mugil Sp. AND Geloina sp. CONSUMPTION IN SEGARA ANAKAN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM

Sri Noegrohati

doi:10.22146/ijc.21820

ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE INDIRECT RISK OF NATURALLY OCCURING MERCURY AND CADMIUM THROUGH Mugil Sp. AND Geloina sp. CONSUMPTION IN SEGARA ANAKAN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21820

Sri Noegrohati^(1*)

(1) Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Sekip Utara, Jogjakarta 55281
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Estuarine ecosystem of Segara Anakan is located in south coast of Central Java, shielded from Indian Ocean by Nusakambangan island. The ecosystem of Segara Anakan estuary, Central Java, Indonesia, is influenced by fresh water inflow from Citanduy river basin and Indian sea water mostly by tidal actions through the western opening. The runoff materials continuously entering Segara Anakan from Citanduy catchment area, which geologically consist of weathering products of quarternary volcanic rocks from Galunggung mountain, West Java. Therefore various natural heavy metal contaminants are bound to the estuarine sediments, redistributed and accumulated within the ecosystem. In the present work, the effects of environmental stresses to mercury and cadmium abiotic distribution, and their availability to biotic ecosystems were studied, and consumers indirect risk assesment was carried out. In the laboratory scale studies on the distribution of mercury and cadmium in an estuarine simulation of water-field sediment, it was observed that the metal distribution coefficient decreases as the salinity and the acidity of the medium increases. Monitoring results confirmed that the highest levels of Hg and Cd in water and sediment samples were obtained in dry season. Consequently, the highest levels of Hg and Cd in biotic ecosystem, represented by Mugil sp. and Geloina sp., also obtained in dry season. The body burden of Hg in people of Segara Anakan villages, as indicated by the levels in hair and mother milk samples, taken at the end of the study (dry season 2004), were relatively low, but the levels of Cd in mother milk samples were significantly higher than that of control samples of Jogyakarta (P = 0.05). Consequently, the risk quotient for babies were exceeding the FAO/WHO PTWI. Based on the risk assessment carried out for babies and adults, at the present time it is advisable to consume Mugil sp. and Geloina sp., taken in wet season only and not in dry season.

Keywords

mercury; cadmium; estuarine; risk; distribution

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] White, A.T., Martosubroto, P., and Sadorra, M.S.M., 1989, The Coastal Environmental Profile of Segara Anakan, Cilacap, South Java, Indonesia, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management

[2] NFA, 1994, http.//www.austlii. rdu.au/National Food Authority 1994<14_4 htm

[3] FAO/WHO of the United Nations, 2003, JOINT EXPERT COMMITTEE ON FOOD ADDITIVES, Sixty-first meeting, Rome, 10-19 June 2003

[4] American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, 1992, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18^th Ed, Ed. Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S. and Eaton, A.D., APHA, Washington DC

[5] Cantwell MG, and Burgess RM., 2001, Environ Toxicol Chem. 20(11), 2420-7

[6] Riba, I., E. Garcia-Luquea, J. Blascob and T.A. DelVallsa, 2003, Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 15 (4) 101

[7] Verslycke T, Vangheluwe M, Heijerick D, De Schamphelaere K, Van Sprang P, and Janssen CR., 2003, Aquat Toxicol. 64 (3), 307-15

[8] Wasserman JC, Amouroux D, Wasserman MA, and Donard OF., 2002, Environ Technol. 23(8), 899-910

[9] Gray JE, Theodorakos PM, Bailey EA, and Turner RR. 2000, Sci Total Environ. 260 (1-3), 21-33

[10] Honda R, Tawara K, Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Tanabe K, and Saito S., 2003, Toxicology. 186(3), 255-9

[11] Harada M, Nakanishi J, Yasoda E, Pinheiro MC, Oikawa T, de Assis Guimaraes G, da Silva Cardoso B, Kizaki T, and Ohno, H., 2001, Environ Int. 27(4), 285-90

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21820