Cloud Point Extraction Method for Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper(II) in Real and Drinking Water Samples Using New Reagent ( Z )-2-(((2,4-dinitrophenyl)imino)methyl)phenol

Firas Abdul Ameer Ahmed; Ahmed Saadoon Abbas; Ibtisam Abdul Wahid Rasheed Aljazaery

doi:10.22146/ijc.107661

Cloud Point Extraction Method for Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper(II) in Real and Drinking Water Samples Using New Reagent (Z)-2-(((2,4-dinitrophenyl)imino)methyl)phenol

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.107661

Firas Abdul Ameer Ahmed^(1*), Ahmed Saadoon Abbas⁽²⁾, Ibtisam Abdul Wahid Rasheed Aljazaery⁽³⁾

(1) Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla 51002, Iraq
(2) Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla 51002, Iraq
(3) Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla 51002, Iraq
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

This method involved the spectrophotometric estimation of copper(II) using the new reagent (Z)-2-(((2,4-dinitrophenyl)imino)methyl)phenol, at a wavelength of maximum absorption of the colored compound at 420 nm, as well as the determination of optimal complex conditions for copper(II) determination. The calibration curve for the copper(II) ion complex with the reagent was established, and the concentration range according to Beer's law was between 10 and 20 μg mL⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9940, the molar absorption coefficient of 0.7930 × 10³ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, and Sandel's sensitivity of 0.08 μg cm⁻². The copper(II) was then preconcentrated and determined using the cloud point extraction technique, and the complex formed's calibration curve was determined. The concentrations that adhered to Beer's law were found to be between 1 and 10 μg mL⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9965, molar absorption coefficient 0.1485 × 10⁴ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, and Sandel's sensitivity 0.0427 μg cm⁻². The analytical method was subsequently used to detect the presence of copper(II) in drinking water samples, i.e., Eyun Baghdad, Saha, Sana, Nawar, Al-furqan, Pearl, and Aquafina. Compared with the outcomes of flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the results were analogous.

Keywords

cloud point extraction; copper(II); drinking water; spectrophotometric; Triton X-114

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Cerqueira, U.M.F.M., Menezes, R.M., Nunes, L.S., Lemos, V.A., Novaes, C.G., and Bezerra, M.A., 2025, Nutritional evaluation after copper cloud point extraction in spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) samples with determination by digital image colorimetry, Food Chem., 470, 142592.

[2] Sato, N., Mori, M., and Itabashi, H., 2013, Cloud point extraction of Cu(II) using a mixture of triton X-100 and dithizone with a salting-out effect and its application to visual determination, Talanta, 117, 376–381.

[3] Abd Wannas, F., Azooz, E.A., Shalan Al-Mushhdi, A.A.A.A.H., and Naguib, I.A., 2024, Ionic liquid-based cloud point extraction for spectrophotometric determination of copper in water and food samples using a novel imidazole derivative, J. Food Compos. Anal., 135, 106638.

[4] Akl, M.A., AL-Rabasi, A.S., and Melouk, A.F., 2021, Cloud point extraction and FAAS determination of copper(II) at trace level in environmental samples using N-benzamido-N’-benzoyl thiocarbamide and CTAB, Egypt. J. Chem., 64 (1), 313–322.

[5] Shafiei, F.K.T., Jafarzadeh, K., and Madram, A., 2024, Real surface area determination of dendritic porous copper films electrodeposited by pulsating overpotential regime using cyclic voltammetry method, Bull. Mater. Sci., 48 (1), 1.

[6] Bagherian, G., Arab Chamjangali, M., Shariati Evari, H., and Ashrafi, M., 2019, Determination of copper(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after its perconcentration by a highly selective and environmentally friendly dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique, J. Anal. Sci. Technol., 10 (1), 3.

[7] Fu, X.C., Wu, J., Li, J., Xie, C.G., Liu, Y.S., Zhong, Y., Liu, J.H., 2013, Electrochemical determination of trace copper(II) with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity by gold nanoparticle/single-wall carbon nanotube hybrids containing three-dimensional L-cysteine molecular adapters, Sens. Actuators, B, 182, 382–389.

[8] Kizil, N., Uzcan, F., Beydagi, B.B., Sahin, M., Tokum, B.A., Yola, M.L., and Soylak, M., 2025, Determination of copper (II) in seafood and water samples by ICP-OES using magnetic titanium aluminum carbide nanocomposite for solid phase microextraction, J. Food Compos. Anal., 143, 107541.

[9] Qi, X., Lian, Y., Xie, L., Wang, Y., and Lu, Z., 2024, Water quality detection based on UV-vis and NIR spectroscopy: A review, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 59 (8), 1036–1060.

[10] Pesavento, M., Profumo, A., Merli, D., Cucca, L., Zeni, L., and Cennamo, N., 2019, An optical fiber chemical sensor for the detection of copper(II) in drinking water, Sensors, 19 (23), 5246.

[11] Lunvongsa, S., Tsuboi, T., and Motomizu, S., 2006, Sequential determination of trace amounts of iron and copper in water samples by flow injection analysis with catalytic spectrophotometric detection, Anal. Sci., 22 (1), 169–172.

[12] Björklund, L.B., and Morrison, G.M., 1997, Determination of copper speciation in freshwater samples through SPE-spectrophotometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 343 (3), 259–266.

[13] Altantawy, H.A., Mortada, W.I., Abdel-Latif, E., and El-Reash, Y.G.A., 2021, Cloud point extraction of copper using 4-(2-chloroacetamido)-salicylic acid as a complexing agent, Egypt. J. Chem., 64 (1), 25–32.

[14] Al-Murshedi, A.Y.M., Shabaa, G.J., Azooz, E.A., Naguib, I.A., Haq, H.U., El Abbadi, N.K., and Snigur, D., 2025, Spectrophotometric determination of zinc in blood and food samples using an air-assisted rapid synergistic-cloud point extraction method based on deep eutectic solvents, J. Food Compos. Anal., 137, 106910.

[15] Hasic, N., and Horozic, E., 2020, Cloud point extraction as a method for preconcentration of metal ions, J. Eng. Process. Manage., 12 (2), 44–49.

[16] Olgaç E., and Gürkan, R., 2020, Coupling of ion pair ultrasound assisted-cloud point extraction to microvolume UV-vis spectrophotometry for speciation analysis of ionic NO₂^-, NO₃^- and total NO₂^-/NO₃^- without and with reduction in the selected beverage and food matrices, Food Addit. Contam.: Part A, 37 (11), 1811–1830.

[17] Al-Ameer, A.H.A., and Shaalan, N., 2025, Extraction and preconcentration of many metals ions by using CPE technique, Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop., 39 (3), 409–423.

[18] Li, Q., Lai, Y., Yu, S., Li, P., Zhou, X., Dong, L., Liu, X., Yao, Z., and Liu, J., 2021, Sequential isolation of microplastics and nanoplastics in environmental waters by membrane filtration, followed by cloud- point extraction, Anal. Chem., 93 (10), 4559–4566.

[19] Yu, S., Tan, Z., Lai, Y., Li, Q., and Liu, J., 2023, Nanoparticulate pollutants in the environment: Analytical methods, formation, and transformation, Eco-Environ. Health, 2 (2), 61–73.

[20] Al-Saadi, M.R., Al-Garawi, Z.S., and Thani, M.Z., 2021, Promising technique, cloud point extraction: Technology & applications, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1852 (1), 012064.

[21] Qadir, G.S., Othman, N.S., and Al-Taee, A.T., 2025, Spectrophotometric determination of procaine hydrochloride using oxidative coupling and cloud point extraction, Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop., 39 (1), 1–13.

[22] Zhu, S.C., Shi, M.Z., Yu, Y.L., and Cao, J., 2022, Simultaneous extraction and enrichment of alkaloids from lotus leaf by in-situ cloud point-reinforced ionic liquid assisted mechanochemical extraction technology, Ind. Crops Prod., 183, 114968.

[23] Supharoek, S., Lee, C.Y., Kaewbutra, S., Jumpanon, S., Threeprom, W., and Ponhong, K., 2025, Ultrasound-assisted one-pot cloud point extraction for spectrophotometric nitrate and nitrite determination in sausage products using Careya arborea Roxb. leaf extracts, Food Chem.: X, 27, 102381.

[24] Athanasiadis, V., Chatzimitakos, T., Mantiniotou, M., Bozinou, E., and Lalas, S.I., 2024, Exploring the antioxidant properties of Citrus limon (lemon) peel ultrasound extract after the cloud point extraction method, Biomass, 4 (1), 202–216.

[25] Halko, R., Hagarová, I., and Andruch, V., 2023, Innovative approaches in cloud-point extraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 1701, 464053.

[26] Mandal, S., and Lahiri, S., 2022, A review on extraction, preconcentration and speciation of metal ions by sustainable cloud point extraction, Microchem. J., 175, 107150.

[27] Sznek, B., and Czyrski, A., 2025, The application of design of experiments and artificial neural networks in the evaluation of the impact of acidic conditions on cloud point extraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 1743, 465686.

[28] Nakamura, C.N., Veríssimo, N.V.P., Oliveira, F., Frizzo, C.P., Pérez-Sánchez, G., Coutinho, J.A.P., Pereira, J.F.B., and Santos-Ebinuma, V.C., 2023, Extraction of natural colorants using supramolecular solvents composed of Triton X-114 and ionic liquids, Sep. Purif. Technol., 319, 124070.

[29] Snigur, D., Azooz, E.A., Zhukovetska, O., Guzenko, O., and Mortada, W., 2023, Recent innovations in cloud point extraction towards a more efficient and environmentally friendly procedure, TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem., 164, 117113.

[30] Trigo, J.P., Steinhagen, S., Stedt, K., Krona, A., Verhagen, S., Pavia, H., Abdollahi, M., Undeland, I., 2025, A new method for protein extraction from sea lettuce (Ulva fenestrata) via surfactants and alkaline aqueous solutions, Food Chem., 464, 141839.

[31] Patel, A., Kumar, S., Patel, N., Girase, M., Parekh, P., Parikh, J., Kuperkar, K., Aswal, V.K., and Patel, V.I., 2025, Understanding the urea-mediated self-assembly of Triton X – 114 in aqueous medium: Investigating the role of urea in morphological changes of TX-114 micelles, J. Mol. Liq., 422, 126976.

[32] Elemike, E.E., Nwankwo, H.U., Onwudiwe, D.C., and Hosten, E.C., 2017, Synthesis, crystal structures, quantum chemical studies and corrosion inhibition potentials of 4-(((4-ethylphenyl)imino)methyl)phenol and (E)-4-((naphthalen-2-ylimino) methyl) phenol Schiff bases, J. Mol. Struct., 1147, 252–265.

[33] Imran, A.M., Dhahir, S.A., and Muklive, A.J., 2024, Cloud point extraction method for spectrophotometric determination of 3-aminophenol in environmental samples, Indones. J. Chem., 24 (4), 1023–1033.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.107661