The Effect of Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig Seed Extract Cream on The Number of Fibroblast and Re-Epithelialization in IIA Degree Burn Wound Healing
Keywords:
antiinflammation, antioxidant, wound healing
Abstract
Burns require a recovery process that multiplies complex biological mechanisms including anti-inflammatory, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. X.granatum J.Koenig (XG) is a popular plant that grows in the mangrove forest Bali. Traditionally, this plant is used mainly for antiinflammation, dysentery, fever, skin emolliating, wound treatment, and abdominal problems. Flavonoids, tannins and saponins are active metabolites of this plant, which has antiinflammation, antioxidant and wound healing effects. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α are pro-inflammatory cytokines that are involved in the pathophysiology of wound. Fibroblasts support granulation tissue synthesis, ECM production, and collagen synthesis. Re-epithelialization plays a role in wound closure. The aim of present study to evaluate the effectiveness XG extract seeds cream on burn wound grade IIA in mice. XG extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH method. The two cream formulations were measured for physical quality for organoleptic, homogeneity, and pH. The wound healing activity of XG creams were evaluated from wound contraction, histological analysis of fibroblast proliferation and re-epithelialization in mice. Statistical analyses were performed with post hoc Tukey using analysis of variance and were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS, Version 26). XG extract has a very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 7,939 ppm. The preparation of XG extract cream has homogeneous and pH of 6,5. The treatment with XGC 15% promote significant increases in wound contraction rate, proliferation of fibroblasts and re-epithelialization with SSD (p>0,05). These results suggest that XGC 15% is effective in wound healing in mice by increasing wound contraction rate, proliferation of fibroblasts and re-epithelialization.
References
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Kalantar, M. et al. (2016) ‘The Topical Effect of Cappariss spinosa Extract on Burn Wound Healing’, Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 13(1), pp. 1–7. doi: 10.5812/jjnpp.35690.
Kim, Y.-S. et al. (2011) ‘Therapeutic Effect of Total Ginseng Saponin on Skin Wound Healing’, Journal of Ginseng Research, 35(3), pp. 360–367. doi: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.360.
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Li, B. and Wang, J. H. C. (2011) ‘Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in wound healing: Force generation and measurement’, Journal of Tissue Viability, 20(4), pp. 108–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jtv.2009.11.004.
Li, K. et al. (2011) ‘Tannin extracts from immature fruits of Terminalia chebula Fructus Retz. promote cutaneous wound healing in rats’, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 11(1), p. 86. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-86.
Martin, N. A. and Falder, S. (2017) ‘A review of the evidence for threshold of burn injury’, Burns, 43(8), pp. 1624–1639. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.04.003.
Muhammad, A. A. et al. (2016) ‘Evaluation of wound healing properties of bioactive aqueous fraction from Moringa oleifera Lam on experimentally induced diabetic animal model’, Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 10, p. 1715. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S96968.
Mulia, K., Ramadhan, R. M. A. and Krisanti, E. A. (2018) ‘Formulation and characterization of nanoemulgel mangosteen extract in virgin coconut oil for topical formulation’, MATEC Web of Conferences. Edited by A. C. Kumoro et al., 156, p. 01013. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201815601013.
Nagar, H. K. et al. (2016) ‘Pharmacological Investigation of the Wound Healing Activity of Cestrum nocturnum (L.) Ointment in Wistar Albino Rats’, Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2016, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2016/9249040.
Oaks, R. J. and Cindass, R. (2021) ‘Silver Sulfadiazine’, StatPearls [Internet].
Oryan, A. et al. (2018) ‘Topical delivery of chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles speeds up healing in burn wounds: a preclinical study’, Carbohydrate Polymers. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.077.
Panahi, Y. (2012) ‘A herbal cream consisting of Aloe vera, Lavandula stoechas, and Pelargonium roseum as an alternative for silver sulfadiazine in burn management’, Asian Biomed, 6(02), p. 273. doi: 10.5372/1905-7415.0602.053.
Pengon, S. et al. (2018) ‘The effect of surfactant on the physical properties of coconut oil nanoemulsions’, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(5), pp. 409–414. doi: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.02.005.
Polyium, U. (2020) ‘Phytochemicals Investigation and Antioxidant Activities of the Xylocarpus granatum Extracts’, in Applied Mechanics and Materials. Trans Tech Publ, pp. 17–21.
Pringgenies, D. et al. (2021) ‘Xylocarpus granatum Mangrove Fruit Extract and Sodium Alginate Extract Lotion as Potent Wound Treatment Medicine’, Jurnal Biologi Papua, 13(1), pp. 67–73. doi: 10.31957/jbp.1114.
Purwaningsih, N. S., Romlah, S. N. and Choirunnisa, A. (2020) ‘Literature Review Uji Evaluasi Sediaan Krim’, Edu Masda Journal, 4(2), p. 108. doi: 10.52118/edumasda.v4i2.102.
Rahmawati, D. R. et al. (2018) ‘Formulation and Antioxidat Test of Chromolaena odorata Leaf Extract in Gel with DPPH Method (1,1-Dipheny-2-Picril Hydrazil)’, in Ningrum, V. D. A. (ed.) International Conference on Pharmaceutical Research and Practice. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia, pp. 42–48.
Shahzad, M. N. and Ahmed, N. (2013) ‘Effectiveness of Aloe Vera gel compared with 1% silver sulphadiazine cream as burn wound dressing in second degree burns.’, JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 63(2), pp. 225–230. doi: 10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6.
Sharifi, E. et al. (2021) ‘Comparison of therapeutic effects of encapsulated Mesenchymal stem cells in Aloe vera gel and Chitosan-based gel in healing of grade-II burn injuries’, Regenerative Therapy, 18, pp. 30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.02.007.
Shi, X. et al. (2017) ‘A chemometric-assisted LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 17 limonoids from different parts of Xylocarpus granatum fruit’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 409(19), pp. 4669–4679. doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0413-8.
Singh, S., Young, A. and McNaught, C.-E. (2017) ‘The physiology of wound healing’, Surgery (Oxford), 35(9), pp. 473–477. doi: 10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.06.004.
Srirod, S. and Tewtrakul, S. (2019) ‘Anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects of cream containing Curcuma mangga extract’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 238(March), p. 111828. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111828.
Su, X. et al. (2017) ‘Wound-healing promoting effect of total tannins from Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. in rats’, Burns, 43(4), pp. 830–838. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.10.010.
Sudarsa, S. D. et al. (2021) ‘Correlation of glutamine and serial absolute neutrophil count as a parameter of infection in major burn trauma patients at Sanglah General Hospital, Bali, Indonesia’, Intisari Sains Medis, 12(1), pp. 187–191.
Suena, N. M. D. S., Antari, N. P. U. and Cahyaningsih, E. (2017) ‘Physical Quality Evaluation Of Body Butter Formulation From Etanol Extract Of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Rind’, Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 15(1), pp. 63–69.
Tomizawa, Y. et al. (2017) ‘Genetic structure and population demographic history of a widespread mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum (Meliaceae) across the Indo-West Pacific region’, Forests, 8(12), pp. 1–18. doi: 10.3390/f8120480
Ahmad, S. U. et al. (2021) ‘Evaluation of Wound-Healing and Antioxidant Effects of Marantodes pumilum (Blume) Kuntze in an Excision Wound Model’, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(1). doi: 10.3390/molecules26010228.
Al-Busaid, M. M. et al. (2020) ‘Development and evaluation of herbal cream containing Curcumin from Curcuma longa’, Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal, 8(5), pp. 285–289. doi: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00307.
Alajmi, M. M., Aldosari, K. H. and Al-Ghamdi, S. (2021) ‘Clinical, epidemiological, and management aspects of burn injuries in Saudi Arabia – A cross-sectional study’, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(8), pp. 4342–4347. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.021.
Avula, M. et al. (2013) ‘Wound healing activity of flavonoid fraction isolated from the stem bark of Butea monosperma (Lam) in albino Wistar rats’, European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(6), pp. 1–6.
Bahramsoltani, R., Farzaei, M. H. and Rahimi, R. (2014) ‘Medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: An integrative review’, Archives of Dermatological Research, 306(7), pp. 601–617. doi: 10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6.
Bainbridge, P. (2013) ‘Wound healing and the role of fibroblasts’, Journal of Wound Care, 22(8), pp. 407–412. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2013.22.8.407.
Basma, A. A., Zakaria, Z. and Latha, L. Y. (2011) ‘Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L’, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, pp. 386–390. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.10.016.
Begashaw, B. et al. (2017) ‘Methanol leaves extract Hibiscus micranthus Linn exhibited antibacterial and wound healing activities’, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1), p. 337. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1841-x.
Bhatia, N. et al. (2014) ‘Evaluation of burn wound healing potential of aqueous extract of Morus alba based cream in rats’, The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 3(6), pp. 378–383.
Blois, M. S. (1958) ‘Antioxidant determination by the use of stable free radicals’, Nature\, 181 (4617), pp. 1199–2000.
Chen, S.-H. et al. (2014) ‘Epidemiology of burns in Taiwan: A nationwide report including inpatients and outpatients’, Burns, 40(7), pp. 1397–1405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2014.01.014.
Demilew, W., Adinew, G. M. and Asrade, S. (2018) ‘Evaluation of the Wound Healing Activity of the Crude Extract of Leaves of Acanthus polystachyus Delile (Acanthaceae)’, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1155/2018/2047896.
Dorai, A. A. (2012) ‘Wound care with traditional, complementary and alternative medicine’, Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, 45(2), pp. 418–424. doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.101331.
Elshamy, A. I. et al. (2020) ‘Topical Wound Healing Activity of Myricetin Isolated from Tecomaria capensis v. aurea’, Molecules, 25(21), p. 4870. doi: 10.3390/molecules25214870.
Eming, S. A., Martin, P. and Tomic-Canic, M. (2014) ‘Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation’, Science Translational Medicine, 6(265), pp. 265sr6-265sr6. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009337.
Fan, Z. W. et al. (2015) ‘Blumea balsamifera oil for the acceleration of healing of burn injuries’, Molecules, 20(9), pp. 17166–17179. doi: 10.3390/molecules200917166.
Fetse, J. et al. (2014) ‘Wound Healing Activity of Total Alkaloidal Extract of the Root Bark of Alstonia boonei (Apocynacea)’, British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(23), pp. 2642–2652. doi: 10.9734/BJPR/2014/13952.
Hammad, H. et al. (2011) ‘Effects of topically applied agents on intra-oral wound healing in a rat model: a clinical and histomorphometric study*’, International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 9(1), pp. 9–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00410.x.
Ibrahim, N. et al. (2018) ‘Wound Healing Properties of Selected Natural Products’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), p. 2360. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15112360.
Islam, M. E. et al. (2019) ‘Concordance of antioxidant and anti-Inflammatory activity in Xylocarpus granatum (Koen)’, Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 17(4), pp. 466–475. doi: 10.3329/jbau.v17i4.44607.
Jeschke, M. G. et al. (2020) ‘Burn injury’, Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1). doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0145-5.
Kalantar, M. et al. (2016) ‘The Topical Effect of Cappariss spinosa Extract on Burn Wound Healing’, Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 13(1), pp. 1–7. doi: 10.5812/jjnpp.35690.
Kim, Y.-S. et al. (2011) ‘Therapeutic Effect of Total Ginseng Saponin on Skin Wound Healing’, Journal of Ginseng Research, 35(3), pp. 360–367. doi: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.360.
Kowalske, K. J. (2011) ‘Burn wound care.’, Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 22(2), pp. 213–27, v. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2011.03.004.
Kurahashi, T. and Fujii, J. (2015) ‘Roles of Antioxidative Enzymes in Wound Healing’, Journal of Developmental Biology, 3(2), pp. 57–70. doi: 10.3390/jdb3020057.
Kuspradini, H. et al. (2018) ‘Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Litsea angulata extracts’, F1000Research, 7, p. 1839. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.16620.1.
Lami, F. H. and Al Naser, R. K. (2019) ‘Epidemiological characteristics of burn injuries in Iraq: A burn hospital-based study’, Burns, 45(2), pp. 479–483. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2018.03.005.
Li, B. and Wang, J. H. C. (2011) ‘Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in wound healing: Force generation and measurement’, Journal of Tissue Viability, 20(4), pp. 108–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jtv.2009.11.004.
Li, K. et al. (2011) ‘Tannin extracts from immature fruits of Terminalia chebula Fructus Retz. promote cutaneous wound healing in rats’, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 11(1), p. 86. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-86.
Martin, N. A. and Falder, S. (2017) ‘A review of the evidence for threshold of burn injury’, Burns, 43(8), pp. 1624–1639. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.04.003.
Muhammad, A. A. et al. (2016) ‘Evaluation of wound healing properties of bioactive aqueous fraction from Moringa oleifera Lam on experimentally induced diabetic animal model’, Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 10, p. 1715. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S96968.
Mulia, K., Ramadhan, R. M. A. and Krisanti, E. A. (2018) ‘Formulation and characterization of nanoemulgel mangosteen extract in virgin coconut oil for topical formulation’, MATEC Web of Conferences. Edited by A. C. Kumoro et al., 156, p. 01013. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201815601013.
Nagar, H. K. et al. (2016) ‘Pharmacological Investigation of the Wound Healing Activity of Cestrum nocturnum (L.) Ointment in Wistar Albino Rats’, Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2016, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2016/9249040.
Oaks, R. J. and Cindass, R. (2021) ‘Silver Sulfadiazine’, StatPearls [Internet].
Oryan, A. et al. (2018) ‘Topical delivery of chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles speeds up healing in burn wounds: a preclinical study’, Carbohydrate Polymers. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.077.
Panahi, Y. (2012) ‘A herbal cream consisting of Aloe vera, Lavandula stoechas, and Pelargonium roseum as an alternative for silver sulfadiazine in burn management’, Asian Biomed, 6(02), p. 273. doi: 10.5372/1905-7415.0602.053.
Pengon, S. et al. (2018) ‘The effect of surfactant on the physical properties of coconut oil nanoemulsions’, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(5), pp. 409–414. doi: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.02.005.
Polyium, U. (2020) ‘Phytochemicals Investigation and Antioxidant Activities of the Xylocarpus granatum Extracts’, in Applied Mechanics and Materials. Trans Tech Publ, pp. 17–21.
Pringgenies, D. et al. (2021) ‘Xylocarpus granatum Mangrove Fruit Extract and Sodium Alginate Extract Lotion as Potent Wound Treatment Medicine’, Jurnal Biologi Papua, 13(1), pp. 67–73. doi: 10.31957/jbp.1114.
Purwaningsih, N. S., Romlah, S. N. and Choirunnisa, A. (2020) ‘Literature Review Uji Evaluasi Sediaan Krim’, Edu Masda Journal, 4(2), p. 108. doi: 10.52118/edumasda.v4i2.102.
Rahmawati, D. R. et al. (2018) ‘Formulation and Antioxidat Test of Chromolaena odorata Leaf Extract in Gel with DPPH Method (1,1-Dipheny-2-Picril Hydrazil)’, in Ningrum, V. D. A. (ed.) International Conference on Pharmaceutical Research and Practice. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia, pp. 42–48.
Shahzad, M. N. and Ahmed, N. (2013) ‘Effectiveness of Aloe Vera gel compared with 1% silver sulphadiazine cream as burn wound dressing in second degree burns.’, JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 63(2), pp. 225–230. doi: 10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6.
Sharifi, E. et al. (2021) ‘Comparison of therapeutic effects of encapsulated Mesenchymal stem cells in Aloe vera gel and Chitosan-based gel in healing of grade-II burn injuries’, Regenerative Therapy, 18, pp. 30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.02.007.
Shi, X. et al. (2017) ‘A chemometric-assisted LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 17 limonoids from different parts of Xylocarpus granatum fruit’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 409(19), pp. 4669–4679. doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0413-8.
Singh, S., Young, A. and McNaught, C.-E. (2017) ‘The physiology of wound healing’, Surgery (Oxford), 35(9), pp. 473–477. doi: 10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.06.004.
Srirod, S. and Tewtrakul, S. (2019) ‘Anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects of cream containing Curcuma mangga extract’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 238(March), p. 111828. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111828.
Su, X. et al. (2017) ‘Wound-healing promoting effect of total tannins from Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. in rats’, Burns, 43(4), pp. 830–838. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.10.010.
Sudarsa, S. D. et al. (2021) ‘Correlation of glutamine and serial absolute neutrophil count as a parameter of infection in major burn trauma patients at Sanglah General Hospital, Bali, Indonesia’, Intisari Sains Medis, 12(1), pp. 187–191.
Suena, N. M. D. S., Antari, N. P. U. and Cahyaningsih, E. (2017) ‘Physical Quality Evaluation Of Body Butter Formulation From Etanol Extract Of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Rind’, Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 15(1), pp. 63–69.
Tomizawa, Y. et al. (2017) ‘Genetic structure and population demographic history of a widespread mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum (Meliaceae) across the Indo-West Pacific region’, Forests, 8(12), pp. 1–18. doi: 10.3390/f8120480
Published
2022-12-20
How to Cite
Kusuma Wardani, I. G. A. A., Jawi, I. M., Senapathi, T. G. A., Sanjaya, D. A., Antari, N. P. U., Adrianta, K. A., & Suena, N. M. D. S. (2022). The Effect of Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig Seed Extract Cream on The Number of Fibroblast and Re-Epithelialization in IIA Degree Burn Wound Healing. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 33(4), 653–665. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.3461
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Research Article
