A Comprehensive Review on the Biomarkers of Bone Remodeling in Vitamin D Deficiency
Keywords:
Vitamin D, Bone Remodeling, Bone Resorption, Bone Mineralization, Biomarkers, Osteoporosis
Abstract
Vitamin D (Vit.D) has been well regarded as one of the essential micronutrients for several biological functions in humans, including bone structure and function. The deficiency of Vit.D due to various environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors affect bone remodeling, including bone mineralization and resorption. Consequently, several changes occur in the level of biochemicals which are implied in bone remodeling, either directly or via secondary pathways. Intriguingly, the levels of these biomolecules are hypothesized to have a strong association with the prognosis of Vit. D deficiency (VDD) related health complications. However, the precise association of various bone turnover-derived biomolecules with VDD-related effects are largely elusive. Thus, the in-depth understanding of specific associations of VDD and bone mineralization, would establish novel bioanalytical approaches for early detection and devise alternative strategies to provide symptomatic clinical support to VDD patients. Hence this review collates the available literature to elucidate the association of various bone resorption biomarkers and their relevance to VDD.
References
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Alselami, N. M., Noureldeen, A. F. H., AL-Ghamdi, M. A., Khan, J. A., & Moselhy, S. S. 2015. Bone turnover biomarkers in obese postmenopausal Saudi women with type-ІІ diabetes mellitus. African Health Sciences, 15(1), 90- 96. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.4314%2Fahs.v15i1.12
Aparna, P., Muthathal, S., Nongkynrih, B., & Gupta, S. K. 2018. Vitamin D deficiency in India. J Family Med Prim Care, 7(2), 324-330. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_78_18
Bianco, P., Fisher, L. W., Young, M. F., Termine, J. D., & Robey, P. G. 1991. Expression of Bone Sialoprotein (BSP) in Developing Human Tissues. Calcified tissue international, 49(6), 421- 426. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02555854
Bonnet, N., Brun, J., Rousseau, J. C., Duong, L. T., & Ferrari, S. L. 2017. Cathepsin K Controls Cortical Bone Formation by Degrading Periostin. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 32(7), 1432-1441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3136
Canalis, E., & Zanotti, S. 2014. Hajdu-Cheney syndrome: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 9, 200. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-014-0200-y
Chapurlat, R. D., & Confavreux, C. B. 2016. Novel biological markers of bone: from bone metabolism to bone physiology. Rheumatology, 55, 1714-1725.
Christodoulou, S., Goula, T., Ververidis, A., & Drosos, G. 2013. Vitamin D and bone disease. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 396541. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/396541
Coleman, R. E. 2002. The Clinical Use of Bone Resorption Markers in Patients With Malignant Bone Disease. Cancer, 94(10), 2521-2533. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10522
Eapen, E., Grey, V., Don-Wauchope, A., & Atkinson, S. A. 2008. Bone health in childhood: Usefulness of biochemical markers. International Federation of Clinical Chemintry and Laboratory Medicine ( IFCC), 19(2), 123-136.
Eastell, R., & Hannon, R. A. 2008. Biomarkers of bone health and osteoporosis risk. Nutrition Society, 67, 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002966510800699X
Elbossaty, W. F. 2017. Mineralization of Bones in Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research, 5(4).
Gabr, S. A., Alghadir, A. H., Sherif, Y. E., & Ghfar, A. A. (2016). Hydroxyproline as a Biomarker in Liver Disease. In V. R. Preedy (Ed.), Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
Gallagher, J. C. 2018. Vitamin D and bone density, fractures, and falls: the end of the story? . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 6(11), 834-835. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30265-1
Ganss, B., Kim, R.-H., & Sodek, J. 1999. Bone Sialoprotein. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 10(1), 79- 98. https://doi.org/10.1177/10454411990100010401
Grazioli, V., Casari, E., Murone, M., & Bonini, P. A. 1993. High - performance liquid chromatographic method for measuring hydroxylysine glycosides and their ratio in urine as a possible marker of human bone collagen breakdown. Journal of Chromatography: Biomedical sciences and Applications, 615(1), 59- 66.
Greenspan, S. L., Rosen, H. N., & Parker, R. A. 2000. Early Changes in Serum N-Telopeptide and C-Telopeptide Cross-Linked Collagen Type 1 Predict Long-Term Response to Alendronate Therapy in Elderly Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(10), 3537–3540. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.10.6911
Halleen, J. M., Tiitinen, S. L., Ylipahkala, H., & Fagerlund, K. M. 2006. Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b ( TRCP ) as aMarker of Bone Resorption. Immunodiagnostic System 3.
Hlaing, T. T., & Compston, J. E. 2014. Biochemical markers of bone turnover – uses and limitations. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 51(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0004563213515190
Holick, M. F. 2004. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 80(6 Suppl), 1678S-1688S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S
Holick, M. F. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(3), 266-281. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553
Icer, M. A., & Gezmen-Karadag, M. 2018. The multiple functions and mechanisms of osteopontin. Clinical Biochemistry, 59, 17-24.
Ignat’eva, N. Y., Danilov, N. A., Averkiev, S. V., Obrezkova, M. V., Lunin, V. V., & Sobol, E. N. 2007. Determination of Hydroxyproline in Tissues and the Evaluation of the Collagen Content of the Tissues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 62(1), 51- 57. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106193480701011X
Jesudason, D., Need, A. G., Horowitz, M., O'Loughlin, P. D., Morris, H. A., & Nordin, B. E. 2002. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone resorption markers in vitamin D insufficiency. Bone, 31(5), 626-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00866-9
Jiranek, W. A., & Goldring, S. R. 1999. Osteolysis in Total Joint Arthroplasty : Basic Science.
Kelleher, P. C. 1979. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and hydroxylysine glycosides by patients with Paget's disease of bone and carcinoma with metastases in bone. Clin Chim Acta, 92(3), 373-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(79)90216-x
Khazai, N., Judd, S. E., & Tangpricha, V. 2008. Calcium and vitamin D: skeletal and extraskeletal health. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 10(2), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-008-0020-y
Kuo, T. R., & Chen, C. H. 2017. Bone biomarker for the clinical assessment of osteoporosis: recent developments and future perspectives. Biomark Res, 5, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-017-0097-4
Macedo, F., Ladeira, K., Pinho, F., Saraiva, N., Bonito, N., Pinto, L., & Gonçalves, F. 2017. Bone metastases: an overview. Oncology, 11(1). https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.4081%2Foncol.2017.321
Naffa, R., Watanabe, S., Zhang, W., Maidment, C., Singh, P., Chamber, P., Matyska, M. T., & Pesek, J. J. 2019. Rapid analysis of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in biological samples by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and a silica hydride column. J Sep Sci, 42(8), 1482-1488. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201801292
Nau, K. C., & Lewis, W. D. 2008. Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis and Treatment. American Family Physician, 78(7), 853-859.
Need, A. G. 2006. Bone resorption markers in vitamin D insufficiency. International Journal of Clinical Chemistry, 48- 52. https://doi.org/:10.1016/j.cca.2005.12.031
Reithmeier, A., Panizza, E., Krumpel, M., Orre, L. M., Branca, R. M. M., Lehtio, J., Ek-Rylander, B., & Andersson, G. 2017. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5) promotes metastasis-related properties via TGFbeta2/TbetaR and CD44 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer, 17(1), 650. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3616-7
Rosano, T. G., Peaston, R. T., Bone, H. G., Woitge, H. W., Francis, R. M., & Seibel, M. J. 1998. Urinary free deoxypyridinoline by chemiluminescence immunoassay: analytical and clinical evaluation. Clin Chem, 44(10), 2126-2132. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9761245
Russell, G., Mueller, G., Shipman, C., & Croucher, P. (2001). Clinical disorders of bone resorption. In Gail Cardew, Jamie A, & Goode (Eds.), Novartis Foundation Symposium (pp. 251-271). https://doi.org/10.1002/0470846658.ch17
Shetty, S., Kapoor, N., Bonduy, J. D., Thomas, N., & Paul, T. V. 2016. Bone turnover markers: Emerging tool in the management of osteoporosis. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(6), 846–852. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F2230-8210.192914
Sozen, T., Ozisik, L., & Basaran, N. C. 2017. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol, 4(1), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048
Stark, Z., & Savarirayan, R. 2009. Osteopetrosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 4, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-4-5
Stoch, S. A., Zajic, S., Stone, J., Miller, D. L., Van Dyck, K., Gutierrez, M. J., De Decker, M., Liu, L., Liu, Q., Scott, B. B., Panebianco, D., Jin, B., Duong, L. T., Gottesdiener, K., & Wagner, J. A. 2009. Effect of the Cathepsin K Inhibitor Odanacatib on Bone Resorption Biomarkers in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Two Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase I Studies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 86(2). https://doi.org/: 10.1038/clpt.2009.60
Tang, J. C. Y., Dutton, J. J., Piec, I., Green, D., Fisher, E., Washbourne, C. J., & Fraser, W. D. 2016. LC-MS/MS application for urine free pyridinoline and free deoxypyridinoline: Urine markers of collagen and bone degradation. Clinical Mass Spectrometry, 1, 11- 18.
Terpos, E., Dimopoulos, M. A., Sezer, O., Roodman, D., Abildgaard, N., Vescio, R., Tosi, P., Garcia-Sanz, R., Davies, F., Chanan-Khan, A., Palumbo, A., Sonneveld, P., Drake, M. T., Harousseau, J. L., Anderson, K. C., & Durie, B. G. 2010. The use of biochemical markers of bone remodeling in multiple myeloma: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia, 24(10), 1700-1712. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2010.173
Traghella, I., Mastorci, F., Alessia, P., Pingitore, A., & Vassalle, C. 2018. Nontraditional Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Risk Factors: Rationale and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules.
Vassalle, C., Sabatino, L., Cecco, P. D., Maltinti, M., Ndreu, R., Maffei, S., & Pingitore, A. 2017. Relationship between Bone Health Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Risk in a General Adult Population. Diseases, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases5040024
Werner de Castro, G. R., Buss, Z. D. S., Rosa, J. S., Facchin, B. M., & Frode, T. S. 2019. Evaluation of Bone Metabolism Biomarkers in Paget's Disease of Bone. Cureus, 11(5), e4791. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4791
Wu, C. C., Econs, M. J., DiMeglio, L. A., Insogna, K. L., Levine, M. A., Orchard, P. J., Miller, W. P., Petryk, A., Rush, E. T., Shoback, D. M., Ward, L. M., & Polgreen, L. E. 2017. Diagnosis and Management of Osteopetrosis: Consensus Guidelines From the Osteopetrosis Working Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 102(9), 3111-3123. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01127
Wymenga, L. F., Groenier, K., Schuurman, J., Boomsma, J. H., Elferink, R. O., & Mensink, H. J. 2001. Pretreatment levels of urinary deoxypyridinoline as a potential marker in patients with prostate cancer with or without bone metastasis. BJU Int, 88(3), 231-235. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02274.x
Yoshihara, K., Mochidome, N., Hara, T., Osada, S., Takayama, A., & Nagata, M. 1994. Urinary excretion levels of hydroxylysine glycosides in osteoporotic patients. Biol Pharm Bull, 17(6), 836-839. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.17.836
Yu, S. L., Ho, L. M., Lim, B. C., & Sim, M. L. 1998. Urinary deoxypyridinoline is a useful biochemical bone marker for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 27(4), 527-529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9791660
Alselami, N. M., Noureldeen, A. F. H., AL-Ghamdi, M. A., Khan, J. A., & Moselhy, S. S. 2015. Bone turnover biomarkers in obese postmenopausal Saudi women with type-ІІ diabetes mellitus. African Health Sciences, 15(1), 90- 96. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.4314%2Fahs.v15i1.12
Aparna, P., Muthathal, S., Nongkynrih, B., & Gupta, S. K. 2018. Vitamin D deficiency in India. J Family Med Prim Care, 7(2), 324-330. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_78_18
Bianco, P., Fisher, L. W., Young, M. F., Termine, J. D., & Robey, P. G. 1991. Expression of Bone Sialoprotein (BSP) in Developing Human Tissues. Calcified tissue international, 49(6), 421- 426. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02555854
Bonnet, N., Brun, J., Rousseau, J. C., Duong, L. T., & Ferrari, S. L. 2017. Cathepsin K Controls Cortical Bone Formation by Degrading Periostin. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 32(7), 1432-1441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3136
Canalis, E., & Zanotti, S. 2014. Hajdu-Cheney syndrome: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 9, 200. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-014-0200-y
Chapurlat, R. D., & Confavreux, C. B. 2016. Novel biological markers of bone: from bone metabolism to bone physiology. Rheumatology, 55, 1714-1725.
Christodoulou, S., Goula, T., Ververidis, A., & Drosos, G. 2013. Vitamin D and bone disease. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 396541. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/396541
Coleman, R. E. 2002. The Clinical Use of Bone Resorption Markers in Patients With Malignant Bone Disease. Cancer, 94(10), 2521-2533. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10522
Eapen, E., Grey, V., Don-Wauchope, A., & Atkinson, S. A. 2008. Bone health in childhood: Usefulness of biochemical markers. International Federation of Clinical Chemintry and Laboratory Medicine ( IFCC), 19(2), 123-136.
Eastell, R., & Hannon, R. A. 2008. Biomarkers of bone health and osteoporosis risk. Nutrition Society, 67, 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002966510800699X
Elbossaty, W. F. 2017. Mineralization of Bones in Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research, 5(4).
Gabr, S. A., Alghadir, A. H., Sherif, Y. E., & Ghfar, A. A. (2016). Hydroxyproline as a Biomarker in Liver Disease. In V. R. Preedy (Ed.), Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
Gallagher, J. C. 2018. Vitamin D and bone density, fractures, and falls: the end of the story? . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 6(11), 834-835. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30265-1
Ganss, B., Kim, R.-H., & Sodek, J. 1999. Bone Sialoprotein. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 10(1), 79- 98. https://doi.org/10.1177/10454411990100010401
Grazioli, V., Casari, E., Murone, M., & Bonini, P. A. 1993. High - performance liquid chromatographic method for measuring hydroxylysine glycosides and their ratio in urine as a possible marker of human bone collagen breakdown. Journal of Chromatography: Biomedical sciences and Applications, 615(1), 59- 66.
Greenspan, S. L., Rosen, H. N., & Parker, R. A. 2000. Early Changes in Serum N-Telopeptide and C-Telopeptide Cross-Linked Collagen Type 1 Predict Long-Term Response to Alendronate Therapy in Elderly Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(10), 3537–3540. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.10.6911
Halleen, J. M., Tiitinen, S. L., Ylipahkala, H., & Fagerlund, K. M. 2006. Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b ( TRCP ) as aMarker of Bone Resorption. Immunodiagnostic System 3.
Hlaing, T. T., & Compston, J. E. 2014. Biochemical markers of bone turnover – uses and limitations. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 51(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0004563213515190
Holick, M. F. 2004. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 80(6 Suppl), 1678S-1688S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S
Holick, M. F. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(3), 266-281. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553
Icer, M. A., & Gezmen-Karadag, M. 2018. The multiple functions and mechanisms of osteopontin. Clinical Biochemistry, 59, 17-24.
Ignat’eva, N. Y., Danilov, N. A., Averkiev, S. V., Obrezkova, M. V., Lunin, V. V., & Sobol, E. N. 2007. Determination of Hydroxyproline in Tissues and the Evaluation of the Collagen Content of the Tissues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 62(1), 51- 57. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106193480701011X
Jesudason, D., Need, A. G., Horowitz, M., O'Loughlin, P. D., Morris, H. A., & Nordin, B. E. 2002. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone resorption markers in vitamin D insufficiency. Bone, 31(5), 626-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00866-9
Jiranek, W. A., & Goldring, S. R. 1999. Osteolysis in Total Joint Arthroplasty : Basic Science.
Kelleher, P. C. 1979. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and hydroxylysine glycosides by patients with Paget's disease of bone and carcinoma with metastases in bone. Clin Chim Acta, 92(3), 373-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(79)90216-x
Khazai, N., Judd, S. E., & Tangpricha, V. 2008. Calcium and vitamin D: skeletal and extraskeletal health. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 10(2), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-008-0020-y
Kuo, T. R., & Chen, C. H. 2017. Bone biomarker for the clinical assessment of osteoporosis: recent developments and future perspectives. Biomark Res, 5, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-017-0097-4
Macedo, F., Ladeira, K., Pinho, F., Saraiva, N., Bonito, N., Pinto, L., & Gonçalves, F. 2017. Bone metastases: an overview. Oncology, 11(1). https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.4081%2Foncol.2017.321
Naffa, R., Watanabe, S., Zhang, W., Maidment, C., Singh, P., Chamber, P., Matyska, M. T., & Pesek, J. J. 2019. Rapid analysis of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in biological samples by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and a silica hydride column. J Sep Sci, 42(8), 1482-1488. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201801292
Nau, K. C., & Lewis, W. D. 2008. Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis and Treatment. American Family Physician, 78(7), 853-859.
Need, A. G. 2006. Bone resorption markers in vitamin D insufficiency. International Journal of Clinical Chemistry, 48- 52. https://doi.org/:10.1016/j.cca.2005.12.031
Reithmeier, A., Panizza, E., Krumpel, M., Orre, L. M., Branca, R. M. M., Lehtio, J., Ek-Rylander, B., & Andersson, G. 2017. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5) promotes metastasis-related properties via TGFbeta2/TbetaR and CD44 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer, 17(1), 650. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3616-7
Rosano, T. G., Peaston, R. T., Bone, H. G., Woitge, H. W., Francis, R. M., & Seibel, M. J. 1998. Urinary free deoxypyridinoline by chemiluminescence immunoassay: analytical and clinical evaluation. Clin Chem, 44(10), 2126-2132. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9761245
Russell, G., Mueller, G., Shipman, C., & Croucher, P. (2001). Clinical disorders of bone resorption. In Gail Cardew, Jamie A, & Goode (Eds.), Novartis Foundation Symposium (pp. 251-271). https://doi.org/10.1002/0470846658.ch17
Shetty, S., Kapoor, N., Bonduy, J. D., Thomas, N., & Paul, T. V. 2016. Bone turnover markers: Emerging tool in the management of osteoporosis. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(6), 846–852. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F2230-8210.192914
Sozen, T., Ozisik, L., & Basaran, N. C. 2017. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol, 4(1), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048
Stark, Z., & Savarirayan, R. 2009. Osteopetrosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 4, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-4-5
Stoch, S. A., Zajic, S., Stone, J., Miller, D. L., Van Dyck, K., Gutierrez, M. J., De Decker, M., Liu, L., Liu, Q., Scott, B. B., Panebianco, D., Jin, B., Duong, L. T., Gottesdiener, K., & Wagner, J. A. 2009. Effect of the Cathepsin K Inhibitor Odanacatib on Bone Resorption Biomarkers in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Two Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase I Studies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 86(2). https://doi.org/: 10.1038/clpt.2009.60
Tang, J. C. Y., Dutton, J. J., Piec, I., Green, D., Fisher, E., Washbourne, C. J., & Fraser, W. D. 2016. LC-MS/MS application for urine free pyridinoline and free deoxypyridinoline: Urine markers of collagen and bone degradation. Clinical Mass Spectrometry, 1, 11- 18.
Terpos, E., Dimopoulos, M. A., Sezer, O., Roodman, D., Abildgaard, N., Vescio, R., Tosi, P., Garcia-Sanz, R., Davies, F., Chanan-Khan, A., Palumbo, A., Sonneveld, P., Drake, M. T., Harousseau, J. L., Anderson, K. C., & Durie, B. G. 2010. The use of biochemical markers of bone remodeling in multiple myeloma: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia, 24(10), 1700-1712. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2010.173
Traghella, I., Mastorci, F., Alessia, P., Pingitore, A., & Vassalle, C. 2018. Nontraditional Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Risk Factors: Rationale and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules.
Vassalle, C., Sabatino, L., Cecco, P. D., Maltinti, M., Ndreu, R., Maffei, S., & Pingitore, A. 2017. Relationship between Bone Health Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Risk in a General Adult Population. Diseases, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases5040024
Werner de Castro, G. R., Buss, Z. D. S., Rosa, J. S., Facchin, B. M., & Frode, T. S. 2019. Evaluation of Bone Metabolism Biomarkers in Paget's Disease of Bone. Cureus, 11(5), e4791. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4791
Wu, C. C., Econs, M. J., DiMeglio, L. A., Insogna, K. L., Levine, M. A., Orchard, P. J., Miller, W. P., Petryk, A., Rush, E. T., Shoback, D. M., Ward, L. M., & Polgreen, L. E. 2017. Diagnosis and Management of Osteopetrosis: Consensus Guidelines From the Osteopetrosis Working Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 102(9), 3111-3123. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01127
Wymenga, L. F., Groenier, K., Schuurman, J., Boomsma, J. H., Elferink, R. O., & Mensink, H. J. 2001. Pretreatment levels of urinary deoxypyridinoline as a potential marker in patients with prostate cancer with or without bone metastasis. BJU Int, 88(3), 231-235. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02274.x
Yoshihara, K., Mochidome, N., Hara, T., Osada, S., Takayama, A., & Nagata, M. 1994. Urinary excretion levels of hydroxylysine glycosides in osteoporotic patients. Biol Pharm Bull, 17(6), 836-839. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.17.836
Yu, S. L., Ho, L. M., Lim, B. C., & Sim, M. L. 1998. Urinary deoxypyridinoline is a useful biochemical bone marker for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 27(4), 527-529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9791660
Published
2021-09-29
How to Cite
Sureshkumar, A., & Nagappan, K. V. (2021). A Comprehensive Review on the Biomarkers of Bone Remodeling in Vitamin D Deficiency. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 32(3), 280-290. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.1792
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