Formulation And Antioxidant Property Of Bitter Melon Seeds Oil Loaded Into SNEDDS Systems As A Nutraceutical
Keywords:
Bitter melon seeds oil, nutraceutical, SNEDDS, antioxidant activity
Abstract
Bitter melon seeds oil is less soluble in the gastrointestinal tract and has low absorption. Therefore, a self-nanoemulsion dosage form needed to support its absorption and increase its stability. This study aimed to formulate bitter melon seeds oil into a self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) and evaluate its antioxidant activity using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. The SNEDDS formulation uses bitter melon seed oil as the active ingredient and the oil phase, cremophor RH 40 as a surfactant, and glycerin as a co-surfactant. The results showed that the best SNEDDS formula obtains a ratio of oil: Smix (surfactant mixture) of 1:4. The best formula transmittance was 97.35 ± 0.04% with an emulsification time of 15.69 ± 0.06 seconds, a pH value of 6.87 ± 0.08, and a particle size of 31.8 ± 16.3 nm. Thermodynamic stability and robustness to dilution tests show the preparation is stable and resistant to various dilutions and pH. The antioxidant activity of bitter melon seed oil before and after being formulated into SNEDDS resulted in 62.73% and 50.31% reducing power. This result is not differences significantly. This study concluded that bitter melon seeds oil SNEDDS has good physical characteristics, stability, and no antioxidant activity changes.
References
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Parmar K., Patel J., Sheth N., 2015. Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for Embelin: Design, characterization and in-vitro studies. Asian J. Pharm. Sci., 10: 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2015.04.006
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Prabowo MH., Wibowo A., Fauziyah L., 2012. Development and validation of the analysis method of isoniazid-pyrazinamide rifampicin in fixed dose combination with densitometric thin layer chromatography method. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.20885/jif.vol9.iss2.art4
Qian C., McClements DJ., (2011). Formation of nanoemulsions stabilized by model food-grade emulsifiers using high-pressure homogenization: Factors affecting particle size. Food Hydrocoll. 25:1000–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.09.017
Rafi M., Meitary N., Septaningsih DA., Bintang M., 2020. Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of guazuma ulmifolia leaves extracts using different solvent extraction. Indonesian J. Pharm 31:171-180.
Reddy MS., 2018. Formulation and in vitro characterization of solid-self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of atorvastatin calcium. Asian J. Pharm. 11:991–999. https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V11I04.1771
Rowe RC., et al. 2009. Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients, 6th Ed, The. Pharmaceutical Press, London.pp 542-548.
Ruan J., Liu J., Zhu D., Gong T., Yang F., Hao X., Zhang Z., 2010. Preparation and evaluation of self-nanoemulsified drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of matrine based on drug – phospholipid complex technique. 386:282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.11.026
Saso L., Firuzi O., 2014. Pharmacological applications of antioxidants: lights and shadows. Curr. Drug Targets, 15:1177-99.
Savale SK., 2015. A review - self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). IJRPNS. 4:385–397. http://www.ijrpns.com/article/A Review - Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS).pdf
Senapati PC., Sahoo SK., Sahu AN., 2016. Sciencedirect mixed surfactant based (snedds) self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system presenting efavirenz for enhancement of oral bioavailability. Biomed. Pharmacother. 80:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.039
Silva LAL., Pezzini BR., Soares L., 2015. Spectrophotometric determination of the total flavonoid content in Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) leaves. Pharmacogn Mag. 11: 96–101.
Sintov AC., Shapiro L., 2004. New microemulsion vehicle facilitates percutaneous penetration in vitro and cutaneous drug bioavailability in vivo. J. Control. Release, 95:173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.11.004
Syukri Y., Martien R., Lukitaningsih E., Nugroho AE., 2018. Novel self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (snedds) of andrographolide isolated from andrographis paniculata nees: characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo assessment. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 47:514–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2018.06.014
Tardos TF., Izquierdo P., Esquena J., Solans C., 2004. Formation and stability of nano-emulsions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.108:303-8.
Wahyuningsih I., Sugiyanto A., Yuswanto. 2015. Solubility test for the selection of oil phases, surfactants and cosurfactants in the preparation of furosemide self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Proceedings of the National Seminar on Herbal Opportunity as Alternative Medicine,99–104.
Wang L., Dong J., Chen J., Eastoe J., Li X., 2009. Design and optimization of a new self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 330:443–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.10.077
Wang S., Su R., Nie SF., Sun M., Zhang J., Wu DY., Moustaid-Moussa N., 2014. Application of nanotechnology in improving bioavailability and bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals. J. Nutr. Biochem., 25:363-76.
Widowati W., 2008. Potential Antioxidants as Antidiabetic. JKM, 7:1–11.
Winarti L., Suwaldi, Martien R., Hakim L., 2018. Formulation of insulin self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system and its in vitro-in vivo study. Indonesian J. Pharm. 29:157–166. https://doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjpharm29iss3pp157
Xue X., Cao M., Ren L., Qian Y., Chen G., 2018. Preparation and optimization of rivaroxaban by self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (snedds) for enhanced oral bioavailability and no food effect. AAPS Pharm.Sci.Tech. 19:1847-59.
Zhao T., 2015. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Dissertation. Doctoral School in Materials Science and Engineering. University of Trento, Italy.
Anjum F., 2012. Study of quality characteristics and efficacy of extraction solvent / technique on the antioxidant activity of bitter gourd seed. Int. J. Food Process. Technol. 04:1-8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7110.1000205
Bali V., Ali M., Ali J., 2011. Nanocarrier for the enhanced bioavailability of a cardiovascular agent: in vitro, pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and stability assessment. Int. J. Pharm. 403:46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.018
Chauhan B., Kumar G., Kalam N., Ansari SH., 2013. Current concepts and prospects of nutraceutical herbs: A review. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 4:4–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.107494
Choo W., Birch J., Dufour J., 2007. Physicochemical and quality characteristics of cold-pressed flaxseed oils. J. Food Compos. Anal. 20:202–211
Date AA., Desai N., Dixit R., Nagarsenker M., 2010. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems: formulation insights, applications and advances. Nanomed. 5:1595–1616. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.10.126
de Moraes C., de Oliveira CA., do Amaral MEC., Landini GA., Catisti R., 2017. Liver metabolic changes induced by conjugated linoleic acid in calorie-restricted rats. Arch. Endocrin. Metab. 61:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1590/2359-3997000000186
Dutta S., Ali KM., Dash SK., Giri B., 2018. Role of nutraceuticals on health promotion and disease prevention: a Review. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 8:42–47. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i4.1759
Emerenciano DP., Baracho BBD., De Medeiros ML., Rocha HAO., Xavier FH., Da Veiga VF., Maciel MAM., 2019. Physicochemical characterizations and antioxidant property of copaiba oil loaded into SNEDDS systems. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 30(2):234–246. https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180172
Garavaglia J., Markoski MM., Oliveira A., Marcadenti A., 2016. Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health. Nutr Metab Insights. 9: 59–64.
Helwandi I., 2016. Validation of uv-vis spectrophotometric method analysis of three wavelengths for determination of levels of prednisone tablets containing dyes. Thesis, 101. http://repository.unair.ac.id/56266/13/FF_KF_52-16_Hel_v.pdf
Hu, M.-L.; 2001. Dietary polyphenols as antioxidants and anticancer agents: more questions than answers. Chang Gung Med. J., 34, 449.
Juniarka IG., Lukitaningsih E., Noegrohati S., 2011. Analysis of antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content of total extract and liposome of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa l.). Traditional Medicine Magazine. 16:115–123.
Jusnita N., Syurya W., 2019. Characterization of Moringa leaf extract nanoemulsion (Moringa oleifera Lamk). Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 6:16–24.
Kane SN., Mishra A., Dutta AK., 2016. Preface: International Conference on Recent Trends in Physics (ICRTP 2016). J. Phys.: Conference Series, 755(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/755/1/011001.
Kazi M., Shahba AA., Alrashoud S., Alwadei M., Sherif AY., Alanazi FK., 2020. Bioactive self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (bio-snedds) for combined oral delivery of curcumin and piperine. Mol. 25:1-24.
Khoirunnisa M., Miladiyah I., 2019. Antioxidant activity study of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) black cumin seed extract (nigella sativa l.) Using the dpph method. Thesis publication manuscript. Faculty of Medicine. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
Konuskan DB., Mungan B., 2016. Effects of variety, maturation and growing region on chemical properties, fatty acid and sterol compositions of virgin olive oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 93:1499–1508.
Kubola J., Siriamornpun S., 2008. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf, stem and fruit fraction extracts in vitro. Food Chem. 110:881-90.
Lee HJ., Hwang E., Park B., Zhang M., Sun ZW., Lee D., Park S., Yi TH., 2016. Methanol extract of bitter melon alleviates uvb-induced mmps expression via map kinase and ap-1 signaling in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. Phytother. Res.30:1519-26.
Lu L., Liu Y., Zhang Z., Gou X., Jiang J., Zhang J., Yao Q., 2015. Pomegranate seed oil exerts synergistic effects with trans-resveratrol in a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 38:1658-62
Lutterodt H., Slavin M., Whent M., Turner E., Yu L., 2011. Fatty acid composition, oxidative stability, antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of selected cold-pressed grape seed oils and flours. Food Chem. 128:391-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. foodchem.2011.03.040. PMid:25212146.
Manero O., Bautista F., Puig J., 2010. Rheology of surfactants: wormlike micelles and lamellar liquid crystalline phase. Encyclopedia of life support systems: http://www.eolss.net/Eolss-sampleAllChapter.aspx.
Maryam S., Baits M., Nadia A., 2016. Measurement of the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of moringa leaves (moringa oleifera lam.) using the frap (ferric reducing antioxidant power) method. Indonesian J. Phytopharm. 2:115–118. https://doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v2i2.181
McClements DJ., 2012. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: terminology, differences, and similarities. Soft. Matter, 8, 1719
Nasr A., Gardouh A., Ghonaim H., Abdelghany E., Ghorab M., 2016b. Effect of oils, surfactants and cosurfactants on phase behavior and physicochemical properties of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for irbesartan and olmesartan. Int. J. App. Pharmaceut. 8:13–24.
Nasr A., Gardouh A., Ghorab M., (2016a). Novel solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) for oral delivery of olmesartan medoxomil: design, formulation, pharmacokinetic and bioavailability evaluation. Pharmaceutics. 8:1-29 https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics8030020
Parmar K., Patel J., Sheth N., 2015. Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for Embelin: Design, characterization and in-vitro studies. Asian J. Pharm. Sci., 10: 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2015.04.006
Patel J., Kevin G., Patel A., Raval M., Sheth N., 2011. Design and development of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for telmisartan for oral drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Drug Res. 1(2), 112-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-973x.82431
Poorani G., Uppuluri S., Uppuluri KB., 2016. Formulation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of castor oil based self-nano emulsifying levosulpiride delivery systems. J. Microencapsul. 33:535–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2016.1223199
Prabowo MH., Wibowo A., Fauziyah L., 2012. Development and validation of the analysis method of isoniazid-pyrazinamide rifampicin in fixed dose combination with densitometric thin layer chromatography method. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.20885/jif.vol9.iss2.art4
Qian C., McClements DJ., (2011). Formation of nanoemulsions stabilized by model food-grade emulsifiers using high-pressure homogenization: Factors affecting particle size. Food Hydrocoll. 25:1000–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.09.017
Rafi M., Meitary N., Septaningsih DA., Bintang M., 2020. Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of guazuma ulmifolia leaves extracts using different solvent extraction. Indonesian J. Pharm 31:171-180.
Reddy MS., 2018. Formulation and in vitro characterization of solid-self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of atorvastatin calcium. Asian J. Pharm. 11:991–999. https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V11I04.1771
Rowe RC., et al. 2009. Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients, 6th Ed, The. Pharmaceutical Press, London.pp 542-548.
Ruan J., Liu J., Zhu D., Gong T., Yang F., Hao X., Zhang Z., 2010. Preparation and evaluation of self-nanoemulsified drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of matrine based on drug – phospholipid complex technique. 386:282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.11.026
Saso L., Firuzi O., 2014. Pharmacological applications of antioxidants: lights and shadows. Curr. Drug Targets, 15:1177-99.
Savale SK., 2015. A review - self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). IJRPNS. 4:385–397. http://www.ijrpns.com/article/A Review - Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS).pdf
Senapati PC., Sahoo SK., Sahu AN., 2016. Sciencedirect mixed surfactant based (snedds) self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system presenting efavirenz for enhancement of oral bioavailability. Biomed. Pharmacother. 80:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.039
Silva LAL., Pezzini BR., Soares L., 2015. Spectrophotometric determination of the total flavonoid content in Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) leaves. Pharmacogn Mag. 11: 96–101.
Sintov AC., Shapiro L., 2004. New microemulsion vehicle facilitates percutaneous penetration in vitro and cutaneous drug bioavailability in vivo. J. Control. Release, 95:173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.11.004
Syukri Y., Martien R., Lukitaningsih E., Nugroho AE., 2018. Novel self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (snedds) of andrographolide isolated from andrographis paniculata nees: characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo assessment. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 47:514–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2018.06.014
Tardos TF., Izquierdo P., Esquena J., Solans C., 2004. Formation and stability of nano-emulsions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.108:303-8.
Wahyuningsih I., Sugiyanto A., Yuswanto. 2015. Solubility test for the selection of oil phases, surfactants and cosurfactants in the preparation of furosemide self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Proceedings of the National Seminar on Herbal Opportunity as Alternative Medicine,99–104.
Wang L., Dong J., Chen J., Eastoe J., Li X., 2009. Design and optimization of a new self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 330:443–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.10.077
Wang S., Su R., Nie SF., Sun M., Zhang J., Wu DY., Moustaid-Moussa N., 2014. Application of nanotechnology in improving bioavailability and bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals. J. Nutr. Biochem., 25:363-76.
Widowati W., 2008. Potential Antioxidants as Antidiabetic. JKM, 7:1–11.
Winarti L., Suwaldi, Martien R., Hakim L., 2018. Formulation of insulin self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system and its in vitro-in vivo study. Indonesian J. Pharm. 29:157–166. https://doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjpharm29iss3pp157
Xue X., Cao M., Ren L., Qian Y., Chen G., 2018. Preparation and optimization of rivaroxaban by self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (snedds) for enhanced oral bioavailability and no food effect. AAPS Pharm.Sci.Tech. 19:1847-59.
Zhao T., 2015. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Dissertation. Doctoral School in Materials Science and Engineering. University of Trento, Italy.
Published
2021-09-29
How to Cite
Winarti, L., Sari, L. O. R. K., Ulfa, E. U., & Samsuri, D. A. (2021). Formulation And Antioxidant Property Of Bitter Melon Seeds Oil Loaded Into SNEDDS Systems As A Nutraceutical. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 32(3), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.1334
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Research Article
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