A Review on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity, and Toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Essential Oil
Keywords:
Nutmeg, volatile oil, chemical composition, bioactivity, toxicity
Abstract
Myristica fragrans Houtt., commonly known as nutmeg, is an Indonesian indigenous dioecious evergreen tree which contains 5-15% volatile oil. The oil is usually produced from the seed or mace. Nutmeg oil has been extensively utilized in aromatherapy, natural medicine, and the perfume industry. This article provides an overview of the chemical compounds, biological potency, and toxic effects of nutmeg essential oil compiled from recent literature (2000–2020). Nutmeg oil mainly comprises monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. Several reports on gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analysis of nutmeg oil showed that there were 27–38 chemical constituents detected at various concentrations. Many secondary metabolites of nutmeg oil reported to show biological activities that possibly substantiate its utilization in natural medicine. Numerous studies reported the biological activities of this volatile oil such as antioxidant, analgesic, antiinflammation, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and anticancer activity. But large intake of nutmeg oil could cause intoxication which is shown through symptoms in cardiovascular, central nervous system, anticholinergic, and local effects in the stomach. These symptoms are mainly attributed to the effect of myristicin, safrole, and elemicin overdose. This updated review paper intends to attract more attention to nutmeg oil and its potential to be developed into a medicinal product for the prophylaxis and therapy of diseases.
References
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Ehrenpreis JE., DesLauriers C., Lank P., Armstrong PK., and Leikin JB., 2014. Nutmeg Poisonings: A Retrospective Review of 10 Years’ Experience from the Illinois Poison Center, 2001–2011. J. Med. Toxicol., 10 (2): 148‑151, doi: 10.1007/s13181-013-0379-7
Felipe CFB., Albuquerque AMS., de Pontes JLX., de Melo JÍV., Rodrigues TCML., de Sousa AMP., Monteiro ÁB., Ribeiro AE da S., Lopes JP., de Menezes IRA., and de Almeida RN., 2019. Comparative study of alpha- and beta-pinene effect on PTZ-induced convulsions in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 33 (2): 181‑190, doi: 10.1111/fcp.12416
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Gupta AD. and Rajpurohit D., 2011. Chapter 98. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), in: Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention (1st ed.), edited by Preedy VR., Watson RR., and Patel VB, Academic Press, London, UK. pp 831‑839.
Hawiger J. and Zienkiewicz J., 2019. Decoding inflammation, its causes, genomic responses, and emerging countermeasures. Scand J Immunol, 90 (6): 1-32, doi: 10.1111/sji.12812
Hossain SJ., Hamamoto K., Aoshima H., and Hara Y., 2002. Effects of Tea Components on the Response of GABAA Receptors Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50 (14): 3954‑3960, doi: 10.1021/jf011607h
Huang CW., Chow JC., Tsai JJ., and Wu SN., 2012. Characterizing the effects of Eugenol on neuronal ionic currents and hyperexcitability. Psychopharmacology, 221 (4): 575‑587, doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2603-y
Huang D., Ou B., and Prior RL., 2005. The Chemistry behind Antioxidant Capacity Assays. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53 (6): 1841‑1856, doi: 10.1021/jf030723c
Ibrahim MA., Cantrell CL., Jeliazkova EA., Astatkie T., and Zheljazkov VD., 2020. Utilization of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Seed Hydrodistillation Time to Produce Essential Oil Fractions with Varied Compositions and Pharmacological Effects. Molecules, 25 (565): 1-10, doi: 10.3390/molecules25030565
Jaganathan SK. and Supriyanto E., 2012. Antiproliferative and Molecular Mechanism of Eugenol-Induced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Molecules, 17 (6): 6290‑6304, doi: 10.3390/molecules17066290
Asgarpanah J. and Kazemivash N., 2012. Phytochemistry and pharmacologic properties of Myristica fragrans Hoyutt.: A review. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11 (65): 12787-12793, doi: 10.5897/AJB12.1043
Kapoor IPS., Singh B., Singh G., De Heluani CS., De Lampasona MP., and Catalan CAN., 2013. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Oleoresins of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Fruits. International Journal of Food Properties, 16 (5): 1059‑1070, doi: 10.1080/10942912.2011.576357
Khalilzadeh E., Saiah GV., Hasannejad H., Ghaderi A., Ghaderi S., Hamidian G., Mahmoudi R., Eshgi D., and Zangisheh M., 2015. Antinociceptive effects, acute toxicity, and chemical composition of Vitex agnus-castus essential oil. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 5 (3): 218‑30, doi: 10.22038/ajp.2015.4048
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Published
2021-08-10
How to Cite
Warsito, M. F. (2021). A Review on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity, and Toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Essential Oil. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 32(3), 304-313. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.1271
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Review Article
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