Correlation Between Total Flavonoid Contents and Macrophage Phagocytosis Activity of Fractions From Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) Barks Ethanolic Extract In Vitro

https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.30882

Rima Munawaroh(1), Siswadi Siswadi(2), Erna Prawita Setyowati(3), Retno Murwanti(4), Triana Hertiani(5*)

(1) 1) Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta 2) Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(2) Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Kupang, Kupang
(3) Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(4) Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(5) Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


On Timor island, Nusa Tenggara Timur, faloak barks (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) has been used empirically to restore stamina. Faloak bark ethanolic extract proved to have immunomodulatory activity in vitro, which can increase macrophage phagocytosis activity. This research aimed: (i) to determine the immunomodulatory active fraction of faloak bark ethanolic extract, (ii) to determine the total flavonoid contents of faloak extract and fractions, and (iii) to evaluate the correlation of the total flavonoid contents of those extract and fractions with their macrophage phagocytosis activity. The simplisia powder is macerated with 96% ethanol. The extract was dissolved in methanol:water (9:1v/v) was then subsequently partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water to obtain n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, water fraction, and insoluble fraction. Faloak extract and fractions at concentration 62,5; 125; 250; 500μg/mL were tested for their effect on the peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of Balb/c mice in vitro by the latex beads method. Phagocytosis capacity and phagocytosis index were analyzed using one-way anova and post hoc Tukey HSD test with 95% confidence level. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction had the highest macrophage phagocytosis capacity and the highest total flavonoid content compared to other fractions. The highest macrophage phagocytosis capacity of ethyl acetate fraction at concentration of 250 μg/mL was 51,94±4,67%, this value was significantly different from cell control (7,50±1,29%), negative controls of 0,0625% dimethylsulphoxide (6,25±0,36%), as well as positive control of 200 μg/mL echinaceae extract syrup® (9,97±0,33%). The total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate fraction determined by aluminum chloride method was 4,290±0.029 mg of quercetin equivalent/g fraction. There was a positive and strong correlation between the total flavonoid content of these extract and fractions with their macrophage phagocytosis capacity (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0,781) and showing linear relationship y=4,721x+19,663; R2=0,61.

Keywords


Sterculia quadrifida; faloak bark; macrophage phagocytosis; total flavonoids

Full Text:

PDF


References

Barsett, H., Aslaksen, T.H., Gildhyal, P., Michaelsen, T.E. & Paulsen, B.S., 2012, ‘Comparison of carbohydrate structures and immunomodulating properties of extracts from berries and flowers of Sambucus nigra L.’, European Journal of Medicinal Plants 2(3), 216-229.

Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. & Chern, J.C., 2002, ‘Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complimentary colorimetric methods’, J. Food Drug Anal. 10, 178-182.

Chirumbolo, S., 2010, ‘The Role of quercetin, flavonols, and flavones in modulating inflammatory cell function’, Inflammation & Allergy - Drug targets 9(4), 263-285.

Costa, D.A., Chaves, M.H., Silva, W.C.S. & Costa, C.L.S., 2010, ‘Chemical constituents, total phenolics and antioxidant activity of Sterculia striata St. Hill. et Naudin’, Acta Amazonica 40(1), 207-212.

Dahlan, S., 2004, Seri Statistik : Statistik untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, Uji Hipotesis dengan Menggunakan SPSS Program 12 Jam, PT Arkans, Jakarta, pp. 161-168.

Denni, M. & Mammen, D., 2012, ‘A critical evaluation on the reliability of two aluminium chloride chelation methods for quantification of flavonoids : Short communication’, Food Chem. 135, 1365-1368.

Desjardins, M. & Griffiths, G., 2003, ‘Phagocytosis: latex leads the way’, Current Opinion in Cell Biology 15, 498-503.

Durga, M., Nathiya, S., & Devasena, T., 2014, ‘Immunomodulatory and antioxidant actions of dietary flavonoids’, Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 6, 50-56.

El-Sherei, M.M., Ragheb, A.Y., Kassem, M.E.S., Marzouk, M.M., Mosharrafa, S.A. & Saleh, N.A.M., 2016, Phytochemistry, biological activities and economical uses of the genus Sterculia and the related genera : A review’, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 6(6), 492-501.

Fauziah, F., Rasyid, R. & Septiana, H., 2015, ‘Penetapan kadar total α-mangostin dalam ekstrak etanol kulit batang asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb. Ex Choisy) dengan spektrofotometri ultraviolet’, Prosiding seminar nasional & workshop : perkembangan terkini sains farmasi & klinik 5”, Padang.

Galloway, T.S. & Depledge, M.H., 2001, ‘Immunotoxicity in invertebrates: measurement and ecotoxicological relevance’, Ecotoxicol. 10(1), 5-23.

Groom, S.N., Johns, T. & Oldfield, P.R., 2007, ‘The potency of immunomodulatory herbs may be primarily dependent upon macrophage activation’, J. Med. Food 10(1), 73–79.

Harmita, 2004, ‘Petunjuk pelaksanaan validasi metode dan cara perhitungannya’, Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian 1(3), 117-135.

Hartini, Y.S., Wahyuono, S., Widyarini, S. & Yuswanto, A., 2013, ‘Uji aktivitas fagositosis makrofag fraksi-fraksi dari ekstrak metanol daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) secara in vitro’, Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian 11(2), 108-115.

Ho, G.T.T., Ahmed, A., Zou, Y-F., Aslaksen, T., Wangensteen, H. & Barsett, H., 2015, ‘Structure–activity relationship of immunomodulating pectins from elderberries’, Carbohydr. Polym. 125, 314–322.

Jensch-Junior, B.E., Pressinotti, L.N., Borges, J.C.S. & Cunha da Silva, J.R.M., 2006, ‘Characterization of macrophage phagocytosis of the tropical fish Prochilodus scrofa (Steindachner, 1881)’, Aquaculture 251, 509-515.

Keong, Y.S., Alitheen, N.B., Mustafa, S., Aziz, S.A., Rahman, M.A. & Ali, A.M., 2010, ‘Immunomodulatory effects of zerumbone isolated from roots of Zingiber zerumbet’, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 23(1), 75-82.

Mellawati, D., Sudarsono & Yuswanto, A., 2010, ‘Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak zat pedas rimpang jahe emprit terhadap fagositosis makrofag pada mencit jantan yang diinfeksi dengan Listeria monocytogenes’, Majalah Obat Tradisional 15(3), 112-120.

Ordonez, A.A.L., Gomez, J.D., Vattuone, M.A. & Isla, M.I., 2006, ‘Antioxidant activities of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz extracts’, Food Chem. 97, 452-458.

Orisakeye, O.T. & Olugbade, T.A., 2014, ‘Epicatechin and procyanidin B2 in the stem and root bark of Sterculia tragacantha Lindl (Sterculiaceae)’, Medicinal Chemistry 4(2), 334–337.

Pekal, A. & Pyrzynska, K., 2014, ‘Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay’, Food Anal. Methods 7, 1776-1782.

Ranta, F., 2011, ‘Sifat antimikroba zat ekstraktif pohon faloak (Sterculia comosa Wallich)’, Tesis, Bogor, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Rivai, H., Nurdin, H., Suyani, H. & Bakhtiar, A., 2010, ‘Pengaruh cara pengeringan terhadap perolehan ekstraktif, kadar senyawa fenolat dan aktivitas antioksidan dari daun dewa (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC.)’, Majalah Obat Tradisional 15(1), 26-33.

Rohman, A., Riyanto, S. & Hidayati, N.K., 2007, ‘Aktivitas antioksidan, kadar fenolik total, dan flavonoid total daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.)’, Agritech. 27(4), 147-151.

Siswadi, Saragih, G.S. & Rianawati, H., 2013, ‘Potential distributions and utilization of faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br. 1844) on Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara’, Proceeding International Conference Forest and Biodiversity, Manado Forestry Research Institute, Manado, pp. 165–171.

Siswadi, 2015, ‘Rendemen ekstrak dan flavonoid total kulit batang pohon faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) pada beberapa kelas diameter dan strata ketinggian tempat tumbuh’, Tesis, Yogyakarta, Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Sutar, R.C., Kasture, S.B. & Kalaichelvan, V.K., 2014, ‘Finger printing analysis of the flavonoids from Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) planch leaves using HPTLC analysis’, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 3(3), 80-85.

Sutomo, Wahyuono, S., Rianto, S. & Setyowati, E.P., 2013, Isolation and identification of active compound of n-hexane fraction from kasturi (Mangifera casturi Konsterm.) against antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity’, Journal of Biological Sciences 13(7), 596–604.

Wall, P.E., 2005, Thin-layer Chromatography : A Modern Practical Approach, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp. 146.

Winanta, A., 2017, ‘Uji aktivitas imunomodulator ekstrak kulit batang faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) secara in vitro dan in vivo’, Tesis, Yogyakarta, Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Yeap, S.K., Rahman, M.B.A., Alitheen, N.B., Ho, W.Y., Omar, A.R., & Beh, B.K. et al., 2011, ‘Evaluation of immunomodulatory effect: selection of the correct targets for immunostimulation study’, American Journal of Immunology 7(2), 17-23.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.30882

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 4565 | views : 7063

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2018 Majalah Obat Tradisional

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

©Majalah Obat Tradisional (Traditional Medicine Journal)
 ISSN 2406-9086
Faculty of Pharmacy
Universitas Gadjah Mada