The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Critically Endangered Painted Terrapin, Batagur borneoensis (Testudines: Geoemydidae)

Nor Ainsyafikah Madiran; Han Ming Gan; Shahreza Md Sheriff; Aliyu Garba Khaleel; Muhammad Zaid Nasir; Chik Maslinda Omar; Mohamad Zulkarnain Mohd Dali; Muhammad Syafiq Aiman Mohd Nasir; Norshida Ismail; Ahmad Syazni Kamarudin

doi:10.22146/jtbb.13529

Nor Ainsyafikah Madiran School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, UniSZA Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-3060
Han Ming Gan Patriot Biotech Sdn Bhd, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-738X
Shahreza Md Sheriff Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3511-2323
Aliyu Garba Khaleel Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244 Kano State, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-2045
Muhammad Zaid Nasir WWF Setiu Field Office, Lot 10575, Tanah Lot, Kg. Pagar Besi, 21020 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
Chik Maslinda Omar WWF Setiu Field Office, Lot 10575, Tanah Lot, Kg. Pagar Besi, 21020 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
Mohamad Zulkarnain Mohd Dali School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, UniSZA Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7056-7959
Muhammad Syafiq Aiman Mohd Nasir School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, UniSZA Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-6793
Norshida Ismail School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, UniSZA Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-2726
Ahmad Syazni Kamarudin School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, UniSZA Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-2974

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.13529

Keywords: Batagur borneoensis, Conservation, Genetic diversity, Mitogenome, Next-generation sequencing

Abstract

Characterising mitochondrial genomes is a key to studying evolution in vertebrates including turtles. This study employed Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to characterise mitochondrial DNA sequences in Batagur borneoensis (Schlegel & Muller, 1844). We reported the nearly complete mitogenome to clearly characterise the gene sequence of B. borneoensis which has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number PP228865. Phylogenetic analyses using Maximum Likelihood (ML) on the 13 protein-coding genes were conducted with MEGA X Version 11 software. This study presents the second in-depth analysis of the B. borneoensis mitochondrial genome, spanning 16,397 base pairs and containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and a major non-coding region, two non-coding regions: L-strand origin replication (OL) and control region (OH). The sequence length and organisation of this species' mitochondrial genome fall within the typical range and gene arrangement found in vertebrate species. Most genes, except for seven tRNAs and nad6, were encoded on the primary DNA strand. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) began with an ATG initiation codon, except for cox1 and trnF which started with GTG codon, and nad3_0, started with a TTA codon. These findings enhanced our understanding of nucleotide composition and molecular evolution in the genus Batagur. Phylogenetic analyses identified vulnerable and ecologically important species, aiding biodiversity and ecosystem protection. They also expanded the dataset for comparative studies within the Geoemydidae family. Additionally, this research may help develop primers and conservation strategies for future studies.

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