Photovoltaic Penetration with MILP Method and Technical Minimum Loading Consideration
Abstract
Technological development and the reduction of installation costs have caused a rapid growth of solar power plants in Indonesia. The National Electricity Company (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN) strives to achieve the energy mix of renewable energy to 23% by 2025. Solar power plants are unique in that they only supply their power during the daytime. It makes solar power plants connected to the power system change the load profile of the Java-Bali system. In this study, the penetration of solar power plants changed the scheduling of the Java-Bali system because the penetration was installed to the technical minimum loading of existing power plants. When penetration is too big, thermal generator scheduling failure is possible. Unit commitment and economic dispatch with mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) method using CPLEX and Python were carried out to calculate the fuel and generation costs per kWh before and after the penetration. MILP was used to solve the cost fuel equation, namely an integer and nonlinear mix equations, that are challenging to be solved using standar nonlinear programming methods. Due to the use of the MILP-UC, all objective function equations and restraint functions must be linear functions. The tests were conducted for three years, from 2023 to 2025. Simulation results on the Java-Bali system show that the capacity of solar power plants penetrating the Java-Bali system against the peak load will be 52%, 52%, and 50% in 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively. Meanwhile, penetration of solar power plants to technical minimum loading of existing power plants resulted in the fuel cost falling by 23% in 2023 and 22% in 2024 and 2025. Lastly, the cost of generation per kWh will be decreased by 8% in 2023 and will be as low as 7% in 2024 and 2025.
References
RUPTL - Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik PT. PLN (Persero) 2019-2028,” PT. PLN (Persero), 2019.
“Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) PT PLN (Persero) 2021-2030,” PT. PLN (Persero), 2021.
“Statistik Ketenagalistrikan 2019,” Directorate General of Electricity of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2020.
PT PLN (Persero), “Diseminasi RUPTL 2021-2030,” 2021.
M. Sun, C. Feng, and J. Zhang, “Factoring Behind-the-Meter Solar into Load Forecasting: Case Studies under Extreme Weather,” 2020 IEEE Power Energy Soc. Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Conf. ISGT, 2020, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/ISGT45199.2020.9087791.
R. Zhang et al., “Forecast of Solar Energy Production - A Deep Learning Approach,” 2018 IEEE Int. Conf. Big Knowl. (ICBK), 2018, pp. 73–82, doi: 10.1109/ICBK.2018.00018.
M. Upasani and S. Patil, “Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic System with Battery Storage for Energy Management,” 2018 2nd Int. Conf. Inventive Syst., Control (ICISC), 2018, pp. 438–443, doi: 10.1109/ICISC.2018.8399111.
International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2020,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jun/IRENA_Power_Generation_Costs_2020.pdf.
“Pengesahan Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,” Law of the Republic of Indonesia, No. 16, 2016.
“Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Republic of Indonesia,” The Government of the Rpeublic of Indonesia, 2015.
“Diseminasi RUPTL 2021-2030,” The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia, 2021.
Y. Wang et al., “Data-Driven Probabilistic Net Load Forecasting With High Penetration of Behind-the-Meter PV,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 3255–3264, May 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2762599.
Z. Xuan, et al., “PV-Load Decoupling Based Demand Response Baseline Load Estimation Approach for Residential Customer with Distributed PV System,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 6128–6137, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.3014575.
S.E. Razavi, et al. , “From Load to Net Energy Forecasting: Short-Term Residential Forecasting for the Blend of Load and PV behind the Meter,” IEEE Access, Vol. 8, pp. 224343–224353, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3044307.
N. Nigmatulina, A. Mashlakov, N. Belonogova, and S. Honkapuro, “Techno-Economic Impact of Solar Power System Integration on a DSO,” 2020 17th Int. Conf. Eur. Energy Mark. EEM, 2020, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/EEM49802.2020.9221951.
K. Alboaouh and S. Mohagheghi, “Voltage and Power Optimization in a Distribution Network with High PV Penetration,” 2018 IEEE/PES Transm. Distrib. Conf., Expo. (T&D), 2018, pp. 1–9, doi: 10.1109/TDC.2018.8440384.
J.F.C. Acero, H.P. Viveros, N.J.B. Castanon, and R.C. Yucra, “Improvement of Power Quality for Operation of the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Energy System Considering the Irradiance Uncertainty,” 2020 IEEE XXVII Int. Conf. Electron. Electr. Eng., Comput. (INTERCON), 2020, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/INTERCON50315.2020.9220222.
A. Haque, V.S.B. Kurukuru, and M.A. Khan, “Energy Management Strategy for Grid Connected Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Station,” 2019 IEEE Transp. Electrif. Conf. (ITEC-India), 2019, pp. 1–6, , doi: 10.1109/ITEC-India48457.2019.ITECIndia2019-44.
O.M. Abdelwahab and M.F. Shaaban, “PV and EV Charger Allocation with V2G Capabilities,” 2019 IEEE 13th Int. Conf. Compat. Power Electron., Power Eng. (CPE-POWERENG), pp. 1–5, 2019, doi: 10.1109/CPE.2019.8862370.
J. Till, S. You, Y. Liu, and P. Du, “Impact of High PV Penetration on Voltage Stability,” 2020 IEEE/PES Transm. Distrib. Conf., Exposition, 2020, pp. 4–8, doi: 10.1109/TD39804.2020.9299973.
Y. Gabdullin and B. Azzopardi, “Impacts of High Penetration of Photovoltaic Integration in Malta,” 2018 IEEE 7th World Conf. Photovolt. Energy Convers. (WCPEC) ( Jt. Conf. 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC 34th EU PVSEC), 2018, pp. 1398–1401, doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2018.8548256.
S. Qutaishat, A. Al-Salaymeh, and H. Obeid, “Maximum PV Penetration Level integrated to the National Transmission Grid of Jordan, Particularly 132 KvBusbar,” 2021 12th Int. Renew. Eng. Conf. (IREC), 2021, pp. 2011–2013, doi: 10.1109/IREC51415.2021.9427859.
M.Q. Duong, N.T.N. Tran, and C.A. Hossain, “The Impact of Photovoltaic Penetration with Real Case: ThuaThienHue-Vietnamese grid,” 2019 Int. Conf. Robot. Electr., Signal Process. Tech. (ICREST), 2019, pp. 682–686, doi: 10.1109/ICREST.2019.8644338.
G. Pattichis et al., “Mediterranean Region,” in Management of Recreation and Nature Based Tourism in European Forests, U. Pröbstl, V. Wirth, B.H.M. Elands, and S. Bell, Eds., London, Inggris: Springer, 2010, pp. 97–114, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-03145-8_5.
P.R. Mara, Sarjiya, L.M. Putranto, and M. Yasirroni, “Determination of Maximum Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Penetration Level Based on Unit Commitment Solution,” Int. J. Electr. Eng. Inform., Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 610–621, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.15676/ijeei.2019.11.3.11.
M. Carrión and J.M. Arroyo, “A Computationally Efficient Mixed-Integer Linear Formulation for the Thermal Unit Commitment Problem,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1371–1378, Aug. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.876672.
N. Dhlamini and S.P. Daniel Chowdhury, “Solar Photovoltaic Generation and its Integration Impact on the Existing Power Grid,” 2018 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica, 2018, pp. 710–715, doi: 10.1109/PowerAfrica.2018.8521003.
G. Yudhaprawira, Sarjiya, and S.P. Hadi, “Unit Commitment for Power Generation System Including PV and Batteries by Mixed Integer Quadratic Programming,” 2012 Int. Conf. Power Eng., Renew. Energy (ICPERE), 2012, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/ICPERE.2012.6287247.
A. Jahid, K.H. Monju, S. Hossain, and F. Hossain, “Hybrid Power Supply Solutions for Off-Grid Green Wireless Networks,” Int. J. Green Energy, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 12–33, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1080/15435075.2018.1529593.
© Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1.png)
