The Effects of Zingiber Officinale and Propolis Supplementation on Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients' Oxygen Saturation
Keywords:
Covid-19, Hospitalized patients, Propolis, Zingiber officinale, Supplementation
Abstract
Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and supportive therapy are required in the Covid-19 management, whilst there is no available specific antiviral for Covid-19 patients. Zingiber officinale and Propolis were reported to suppress the pro-inflammatory cytokines and their safety profiles were considered in several toxicity studies. However, their efficacy in hospitalized Covid-19 patients has not been clarified yet. This study explored the activity of Z. officinale and Propolis in modulating the clinical signs and hematology parameters in hospitalized Covid-19 patients. A total of 22 subjects were divided into a control group (standard therapy), and a treatment group (standard therapy and supplemented with the combination of Z. officinale 500 mg/day and Propolis 1000 mg/day). We analyzed the differences in demographic characteristics, clinical signs, and hematology parameters at pre and post-treatment in both groups. The increased oxygen saturation in control and treatment groups were 0.45 ± 0.45 and 3.45 ± 1.16, respectively (p = 0.011). Moreover, the high-fluorescent lymphocyte count (HFLC) and mean platelet volume (MPV) in the treatment group tend to be lower compared to the control, although it is not statistically significant. The supplementation of Z. officinale and Propolis has beneficial effects in alleviating clinical signs of Covid-19 disease, especially in the enhancement of oxygen saturation, and tend to restore the hematological parameters.
References
Allado, E., Poussel, M., Valentin, S., Kimmoun, A., Levy, B., Nguyen, D. T., Rumeau, C., & Chenuel, B. (2021). The Fundamentals of Respiratory Physiology to Manage the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Overview. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.615690
Az, A., Sogut, O., Akdemir, T., Ergenc, H., Dogan, Y., & Cakirca, M. (2021). Impacts of demographic and clinical characteristics on disease severity and mortality in patients with confirmed covid-19. International Journal of General Medicine, 14, 2989–3000. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S317350
Bachevski, D., Damevska, K., Simeonovski, V., & Dimova, M. (2020). Back to the basics: Propolis and COVID-19. Dermatologic Therapy, 33(4), 3–5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13780
Berretta, A. A., Silveira, M. A. D., Cóndor Capcha, J. M., & De Jong, D. (2020). Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. In Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy (Vol. 131, p. 110622). Elsevier Masson SAS. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622
Biswas, M., Rahaman, S., Biswas, T. K., Haque, Z., & Ibrahim, B. (2021). Association of Sex, Age, and Comorbidities with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Intervirology, 64(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000512592
Chang, J. S., Wang, K. C., Yeh, C. F., Shieh, D. E., & Chiang, L. C. (2013). Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(1), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043
Eisenhut, M., & Shin, J. Il. (2020). Pathways in the Pathophysiology of Coronavirus 19 Lung Disease Accessible to Prevention and Treatment. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00872
Ganesh, B., Rajakumar, T., & Malathi, M. (2020). Epidemiology and pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in comparison with SARS, MERS: An updated overview of current knowledge and future perspectives. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 10, 2–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.100694
Gebhard, C., Zagrosek, V. R., Neuhauser, Hannelore, K., Morgan, R., & Klein, S. L. (2020). The impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biology of Sex Differences, 11(29), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13293-020-00304-9
Grzanna, R., Lindmark, L., & Frondoza, C. G. (2005). Ginger - An herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.125
Habib, S. H. M., Makpol, S., Hamid, N. A. A., Das, S., Ngah, W. Z. W., & Yusof, Y. A. M. (2008). Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. Clinics, 63(6), 807–813. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322008000600017
Haridas, M., Sasidhar, V., Nath, P., Abhithaj, J., Sabu, A., & Rammanohar, P. (2021). Compounds of Citrus medica and Zingiber officinale for COVID-19 inhibition: in silico evidence for cues from Ayurveda. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(13), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43094-020-00171-6
Hojyo, S., Uchida, M., Tanaka, K., Hasebe, R., Tanaka, Y., Murakami, M., & Hirano, T. (2020). How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality. Inflammation and Regeneration, 40(37), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Hu, K., Guan, W., Bi, Y., Zhang, W., Li, L., Zhang, B., Liu, Q., Song, Y., Li, X., Duan, Z., Zheng, Q., Yang, Z., Liang, J., Han, M., Ruan, L., Wu, C., Zhang, Y., Jia, Z., & Zhong, N. (2020). Efficacy and safety of Lianhuaqingwen capsules, a repurposed Chinese herb, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Phytomedicine, 85, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242
Jin, J. M., Bai, P., He, W., Wu, F., Liu, X. F., Han, D. M., Liu, S., & Yang, J. K. (2020). Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1–6. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2020.00152
Khacha-Ananda, S., Saenphet, K., Saenphet, S., Tragoolpua, K., Chantawannakul, P., & Tragoolpua, Y. (2018). Evaluation of the stability of propolis granule and toxicity study in wistar rats. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 45(1), 162–176.
Lopes, A. A., Ferreira, T. S., Nesi, R. T., Lanzetti, M., Pires, K. M. P., Silva, A. M., Borges, R. M., Silva, A. J. R., Valença, S. S., & Porto, L. C. (2013). Antioxidant action of propolis on mouse lungs exposed to short-term cigarette smoke. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 21(24), 7570–7577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.044
Mahluji, S., Ostadrahimi, A., Mobasseri, M., Attari, V. E., & Payahoo, L. (2013). Anti-inflammatory effects of Zingiber officinale in type 2 diabetic patients. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 3(2), 273–276. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.5681%2Fapb.2013.044
Mejía, F., Medina, C., Cornejo, E., Morello, E., Vásquez, S., Alave, J., Schwalb, A., & Málaga, G. (2020). Oxygen saturation as a predictor of mortality in hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 in a public hospital in Lima, Peru. PLoS ONE, 15, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244171
Mesri, M., Esmaeili Saber, S. S., Godazi, M., Roustaei Shirdel, A., Montazer, R., Koohestani, H. R., Baghcheghi, N., Karimy, M., & Azizi, N. (2021). The effects of combination of Zingiber officinale and Echinacea on alleviation of clinical symptoms and hospitalization rate of suspected COVID-19 outpatients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 98(86), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2020-0283
Missima, F., Pagliarone, A. C., Orsatti, C. L., Araújo, J. P., & Sforcin, J. M. (2010). The Effect of propolis on Th1/Th2 cytokine expression and production by melanoma-bearing mice submitted to stress. Phytotherapy Research, 24(10), 1501–1507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3142
Morvaridzadeh, M., Fazelian, S., Agah, S., Khazdouz, M., Rahimlou, M., Agh, F., Potter, E., Heshmati, S., & Heshmati, J. (2020). Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cytokine, 135, 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155224
Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., Naderi, Z., Dehghan, A., Nadjarzadeh, A., & Fallah Huseini, H. (2016). Effect of Ginger Supplementation on Proinflammatory Cytokines in Older Patients with Osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 35(3), 209–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2016.1206762
Muniyappa, R., & Gubbi, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 318(5), E736–E741. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2020
Nile, S. H., Nile, A., Qiu, J., Li, L., Jia, X., & Kai, G. (2020). COVID-19: Pathogenesis, cytokine storm and therapeutic potential of interferons. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 53, 66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.002
Plengsuriyakarn, T., & Na-Bangchang, K. (2020). Preclinical Toxicology and Anticholangiocarcinoma Activity of Oral Formulation of Standardized Extract of Zingiber Officinale. Planta Medica, 86(2), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1037-4081
Qin, C., Zhou, L., Hu, Z., Zhang, S., Yang, S., Tao, Y., Xie, C., Ma, K., Shang, K., Wang, W., & Tian, D. S. (2020). Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 762–768. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciaa248
Rajagopal, K., Byran, G., Jupundi, S., & Ramachandran, V. (2020). Activity of phytochemical constituents of black pepper , ginger , and garlic. International Journal of Health & Allied Scinces, 9(Supplement 1), S43–S50. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_55_20
Satuan Tugas Penangan Covid-19. (2021). Data Analysis of Covid-19 in Indonesia (Translate from Indonesia Language).
Scorza, C. A., Gonçalves, V. C., & Scorza, F. A. (2020). Propolis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Lessons from nature. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 41, 1–2. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctcp.2020.101227
Tabernero, E., Ruiz, L. A., España, P. P., Méndez, R., Serrano, L., Santos, B., Uranga, A., González, P., Garcia, P., Torres, A., Menendez, R., & Zalacain, R. (2021). COVID-19 in young and middle-aged adults: predictors of poor outcome and clinical differences. Infection, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs15010-021-01684-9
Van Mirre, E., Vrielink, G. J., Tjon-A-Tsoi, N., Hendriks, H., De Kieviet, W., & Ten Boekel, E. (2011). Sensitivity and specificity of the high fluorescent lymphocyte count-gate on the Sysmex XE-5000 hematology analyzer for detection of peripheral plasma cells. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 49(4), 685–688. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2011.100
Wang, K., Ping, S., Huang, S., Hu, L., Xuan, H., Zhang, C., & Hu, F. (2013). Molecular mechanisms underlying the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of a flavonoid-rich ethanol extract from chinese propolis (poplar type). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/127672
Wang, Z., He, Y., Shu, H., Wang, P., Xing, H., Zeng, X., & Tang, Z. (2020). High-fluorescent lymphocytes are increased in patients with COVID-19. British Journal of Haematology, 190(2), e76–e78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16867
WHO. (2021). Clinical management Clinical management Living guidance COVID-19. In World Health Organization (Issue January). World health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2021). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update. In World Health Organization.
Xie, J., Covassin, N., Fan, Z., Singh, P., Gao, W., Li, G., Kara, T., & Somers, V. K. (2020). Association Between Hypoxemia and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(6), 1138–1147. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mayocp.2020.04.006
Zakerkish, M., Jenabi, M., Zaeemzadeh, N., Hemmati, A. A., & Neisi, N. (2019). The Effect of Iranian Propolis on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance, Renal Function and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-43838-8
Zhang, W., Zhao, Y., Zhang, F., Wang, Q., Li, T., & Liu, Z. (2020). The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19): The perspective of clinical immunologists from China. Clinical Immunology, 214, 1–5. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clim.2020.108393
Zhong, Q., & Peng, J. (2021). Mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio predicts severe pneumonia of COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 35(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23607
Az, A., Sogut, O., Akdemir, T., Ergenc, H., Dogan, Y., & Cakirca, M. (2021). Impacts of demographic and clinical characteristics on disease severity and mortality in patients with confirmed covid-19. International Journal of General Medicine, 14, 2989–3000. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S317350
Bachevski, D., Damevska, K., Simeonovski, V., & Dimova, M. (2020). Back to the basics: Propolis and COVID-19. Dermatologic Therapy, 33(4), 3–5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13780
Berretta, A. A., Silveira, M. A. D., Cóndor Capcha, J. M., & De Jong, D. (2020). Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. In Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy (Vol. 131, p. 110622). Elsevier Masson SAS. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622
Biswas, M., Rahaman, S., Biswas, T. K., Haque, Z., & Ibrahim, B. (2021). Association of Sex, Age, and Comorbidities with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Intervirology, 64(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000512592
Chang, J. S., Wang, K. C., Yeh, C. F., Shieh, D. E., & Chiang, L. C. (2013). Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(1), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043
Eisenhut, M., & Shin, J. Il. (2020). Pathways in the Pathophysiology of Coronavirus 19 Lung Disease Accessible to Prevention and Treatment. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00872
Ganesh, B., Rajakumar, T., & Malathi, M. (2020). Epidemiology and pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in comparison with SARS, MERS: An updated overview of current knowledge and future perspectives. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 10, 2–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.100694
Gebhard, C., Zagrosek, V. R., Neuhauser, Hannelore, K., Morgan, R., & Klein, S. L. (2020). The impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biology of Sex Differences, 11(29), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13293-020-00304-9
Grzanna, R., Lindmark, L., & Frondoza, C. G. (2005). Ginger - An herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.125
Habib, S. H. M., Makpol, S., Hamid, N. A. A., Das, S., Ngah, W. Z. W., & Yusof, Y. A. M. (2008). Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. Clinics, 63(6), 807–813. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322008000600017
Haridas, M., Sasidhar, V., Nath, P., Abhithaj, J., Sabu, A., & Rammanohar, P. (2021). Compounds of Citrus medica and Zingiber officinale for COVID-19 inhibition: in silico evidence for cues from Ayurveda. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(13), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43094-020-00171-6
Hojyo, S., Uchida, M., Tanaka, K., Hasebe, R., Tanaka, Y., Murakami, M., & Hirano, T. (2020). How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality. Inflammation and Regeneration, 40(37), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Hu, K., Guan, W., Bi, Y., Zhang, W., Li, L., Zhang, B., Liu, Q., Song, Y., Li, X., Duan, Z., Zheng, Q., Yang, Z., Liang, J., Han, M., Ruan, L., Wu, C., Zhang, Y., Jia, Z., & Zhong, N. (2020). Efficacy and safety of Lianhuaqingwen capsules, a repurposed Chinese herb, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Phytomedicine, 85, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242
Jin, J. M., Bai, P., He, W., Wu, F., Liu, X. F., Han, D. M., Liu, S., & Yang, J. K. (2020). Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1–6. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2020.00152
Khacha-Ananda, S., Saenphet, K., Saenphet, S., Tragoolpua, K., Chantawannakul, P., & Tragoolpua, Y. (2018). Evaluation of the stability of propolis granule and toxicity study in wistar rats. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 45(1), 162–176.
Lopes, A. A., Ferreira, T. S., Nesi, R. T., Lanzetti, M., Pires, K. M. P., Silva, A. M., Borges, R. M., Silva, A. J. R., Valença, S. S., & Porto, L. C. (2013). Antioxidant action of propolis on mouse lungs exposed to short-term cigarette smoke. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 21(24), 7570–7577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.044
Mahluji, S., Ostadrahimi, A., Mobasseri, M., Attari, V. E., & Payahoo, L. (2013). Anti-inflammatory effects of Zingiber officinale in type 2 diabetic patients. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 3(2), 273–276. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.5681%2Fapb.2013.044
Mejía, F., Medina, C., Cornejo, E., Morello, E., Vásquez, S., Alave, J., Schwalb, A., & Málaga, G. (2020). Oxygen saturation as a predictor of mortality in hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 in a public hospital in Lima, Peru. PLoS ONE, 15, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244171
Mesri, M., Esmaeili Saber, S. S., Godazi, M., Roustaei Shirdel, A., Montazer, R., Koohestani, H. R., Baghcheghi, N., Karimy, M., & Azizi, N. (2021). The effects of combination of Zingiber officinale and Echinacea on alleviation of clinical symptoms and hospitalization rate of suspected COVID-19 outpatients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 98(86), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2020-0283
Missima, F., Pagliarone, A. C., Orsatti, C. L., Araújo, J. P., & Sforcin, J. M. (2010). The Effect of propolis on Th1/Th2 cytokine expression and production by melanoma-bearing mice submitted to stress. Phytotherapy Research, 24(10), 1501–1507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3142
Morvaridzadeh, M., Fazelian, S., Agah, S., Khazdouz, M., Rahimlou, M., Agh, F., Potter, E., Heshmati, S., & Heshmati, J. (2020). Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cytokine, 135, 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155224
Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., Naderi, Z., Dehghan, A., Nadjarzadeh, A., & Fallah Huseini, H. (2016). Effect of Ginger Supplementation on Proinflammatory Cytokines in Older Patients with Osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 35(3), 209–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2016.1206762
Muniyappa, R., & Gubbi, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 318(5), E736–E741. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2020
Nile, S. H., Nile, A., Qiu, J., Li, L., Jia, X., & Kai, G. (2020). COVID-19: Pathogenesis, cytokine storm and therapeutic potential of interferons. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 53, 66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.002
Plengsuriyakarn, T., & Na-Bangchang, K. (2020). Preclinical Toxicology and Anticholangiocarcinoma Activity of Oral Formulation of Standardized Extract of Zingiber Officinale. Planta Medica, 86(2), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1037-4081
Qin, C., Zhou, L., Hu, Z., Zhang, S., Yang, S., Tao, Y., Xie, C., Ma, K., Shang, K., Wang, W., & Tian, D. S. (2020). Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 762–768. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciaa248
Rajagopal, K., Byran, G., Jupundi, S., & Ramachandran, V. (2020). Activity of phytochemical constituents of black pepper , ginger , and garlic. International Journal of Health & Allied Scinces, 9(Supplement 1), S43–S50. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_55_20
Satuan Tugas Penangan Covid-19. (2021). Data Analysis of Covid-19 in Indonesia (Translate from Indonesia Language).
Scorza, C. A., Gonçalves, V. C., & Scorza, F. A. (2020). Propolis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Lessons from nature. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 41, 1–2. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctcp.2020.101227
Tabernero, E., Ruiz, L. A., España, P. P., Méndez, R., Serrano, L., Santos, B., Uranga, A., González, P., Garcia, P., Torres, A., Menendez, R., & Zalacain, R. (2021). COVID-19 in young and middle-aged adults: predictors of poor outcome and clinical differences. Infection, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs15010-021-01684-9
Van Mirre, E., Vrielink, G. J., Tjon-A-Tsoi, N., Hendriks, H., De Kieviet, W., & Ten Boekel, E. (2011). Sensitivity and specificity of the high fluorescent lymphocyte count-gate on the Sysmex XE-5000 hematology analyzer for detection of peripheral plasma cells. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 49(4), 685–688. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2011.100
Wang, K., Ping, S., Huang, S., Hu, L., Xuan, H., Zhang, C., & Hu, F. (2013). Molecular mechanisms underlying the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of a flavonoid-rich ethanol extract from chinese propolis (poplar type). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/127672
Wang, Z., He, Y., Shu, H., Wang, P., Xing, H., Zeng, X., & Tang, Z. (2020). High-fluorescent lymphocytes are increased in patients with COVID-19. British Journal of Haematology, 190(2), e76–e78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16867
WHO. (2021). Clinical management Clinical management Living guidance COVID-19. In World Health Organization (Issue January). World health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2021). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update. In World Health Organization.
Xie, J., Covassin, N., Fan, Z., Singh, P., Gao, W., Li, G., Kara, T., & Somers, V. K. (2020). Association Between Hypoxemia and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(6), 1138–1147. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mayocp.2020.04.006
Zakerkish, M., Jenabi, M., Zaeemzadeh, N., Hemmati, A. A., & Neisi, N. (2019). The Effect of Iranian Propolis on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance, Renal Function and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-43838-8
Zhang, W., Zhao, Y., Zhang, F., Wang, Q., Li, T., & Liu, Z. (2020). The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19): The perspective of clinical immunologists from China. Clinical Immunology, 214, 1–5. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clim.2020.108393
Zhong, Q., & Peng, J. (2021). Mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio predicts severe pneumonia of COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 35(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23607
Published
2023-09-04
How to Cite
Yudhani, R. D., Yuliana Heri Suselo, Dwi Rahayu, Jatu Aphridasari, & Hartono, H. (2023). The Effects of Zingiber Officinale and Propolis Supplementation on Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients’ Oxygen Saturation. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 34(3), 499–509. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.3544
Issue
Section
Research Article
