Clinical Characteristics and Severity Profile of COVID-19 Patient with Hypertension in Palu, Central Sulawesi
Keywords:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Hypertension, COVID-19 Severity, Central Sulawesi
Abstract
Corona virus infection (COVID-19) is still an unsolved problem in Indonesia until this year. Apart from Java, other islands, including Sulawesi, were also badly affected. The very high mortality rate in Central Sulawesi (3.36%) poses a challenge for health workers; therefore, they should be well informed and with up-to-date information about correct therapeutic decisions. One of the most common comorbidities that often occurs with the severity and mortality of COVID-19 is hypertension. This study aims to determine the clinical characteristics and severity profile and their relationship with the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients with hypertension in Palu, Central Sulawesi. A total of 185 data on COVID-19 patients undergoing treatment at the Palu City Hospital during 2021 and meeting the criteria were recruited as research samples. Patients were divided into two categories, hypertensive (43%) and non-hypertensive (57%). The results showed that the age group, comorbid diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels showed a significant relationship between the two groups (p < 0.05). The median length of stay was 12 days, with conditions leading to discharge (83%) and death (17%); patients who died were hospitalized in moderate and severe clinical conditions. Age group, liver function, and kidney function were positively correlated with severity and mortality. However, hypertension did not show a significant relationship with the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients.
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Channappanavar, R., Fett, C., Mack, M., Ten Eyck, P. P., Meyerholz, D. K., & Perlman, S. (2017). Sex-Based Differences in Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. The Journal of Immunology, 198(10), 4046–4053. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601896
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., … Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
Covid-19 Archives - DINKES PROV SULTENG. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2021, from https://dinkes.sultengprov.go.id/category/COVID-19/
Deng, S.-Q., & Peng, H.-J. (2020). Characteristics of and Public Health Responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in China. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020575
Fuk-Woo Chan, J., Yuan, S., Kok, K.-H., Kai-Wang To, K., Chu, H., Yang, J., … Yuen, K.-Y. (2020). Articles A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Www.Thelancet.Com, 395, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
Giefing-Kröll, C., Berger, P., Lepperdinger, G., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (2015, June 1). How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination. Aging Cell, Vol. 14, pp. 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12326
Health, N. I. of. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. Disponible en: https://COVID19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/. In Nih (Vol. 2019).
Hill, M. A., Mantzoros, C., & Sowers, J. R. (2020). Commentary: COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 107, 154217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154217
Karyono, D. R., & Wicaksana, A. L. (2020). Current prevalence, characteristics, and comorbidities of patients with COVID-19 in Indonesia. Journal of Community Empowerment for Health, 3(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.57325
Liu, Y.-F., Zhang, Z., Pan, X.-L., Xing, G.-L., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z.-S., & Tu, S.-H. (2021). The chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury involvement in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0244779. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0244779
Moon, A. M., & Barritt, A. S. (2021, June 1). Elevated Liver Enzymes in Patients with COVID-19: Look, but Not Too Hard. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 66, pp. 1767–1769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06585-9
Niu, S., Tian, S., Lou, J., Kang, X., Zhang, L., Lian, H., & Zhang, J. (2020). Clinical characteristics of older patients infected with COVID-19: A descriptive study. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104058
Park, H.-Y., Lee, J. H., Lim, N.-K., Lim, D. S., Hong, S. O., Park, M.-J., … Jeong, E. K. (2020). Presenting characteristics and clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19 in South Korea: A nationwide retrospective observational study. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 5(November), 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100061
Peta Sebaran COVID-19 | COVID19.go.id. (2021). Retrieved March 12, 2021, from https://COVID19.go.id/peta-sebaran-COVID19
Roncon, L., Zuin, M., Rigatelli, G., & Zuliani, G. (2020). Diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection are at higher risk of ICU admission and poor short-term outcome. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104354
Sharma, A., Jaiswal, P., Kerakhan, Y., Saravanan, L., Murtaza, Z., Zergham, A., … Malik, P. (2021). Liver disease and outcomes among COVID-19 hospitalized patients – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Hepatology, 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2020.10.001
Shi, Y., Yu, X., Zhao, H., Wang, H., Zhao, R., & Sheng, J. (2020). Host susceptibility to severe COVID-19 and establishment of a host risk score: Findings of 487 cases outside Wuhan. Critical Care, 24(1), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2833-7
Shibata, S., Arima, H., Asayama, K., Hoshide, S., Ichihara, A., & Ishimitsu, T. (2020). Hypertension and related diseases in the era of COVID-19 : a report from the Japanese Society of Hypertension Task Force on COVID-19. Hypertension Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-0515-0
Smits, S. L., De Lang, A., Van Den Brand, J. M. A., Leijten, L. M., Van Ijcken, W. F., Eijkemans, M. J. C., … Haagmans, B. L. (2010). Exacerbated innate host response to SARS-CoV in aged non-human primates. PLoS Pathogens, 6(2), e1000756. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000756
Sulteng, D. S. (2019). Dinkes Sulteng 2019. Dinas Kesehatan Sulawesi Tengah, 1–222.
WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://COVID19.who.int/?gclid=CjwKCAiAg8OBBhA8EiwAlKw3kgEbgOmOUBe7oGXkauyKVEIwMVWVxsSUNf3VzOvJ_S7zP6Fl89HydxoCrpoQAvD_BwE
Wicaksana, A. L., Hertanti, N. S., Ferdiana, A., & Pramono, R. B. (2020). Diabetes management and specific considerations for patients with diabetes during coronavirus diseases pandemic: A scoping review. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 14(5), 1109–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.070
Xu, W., Huang, C., Fei, L., Li, Q., & Chen, L. (2021). Dynamic changes in liver function tests and their correlation with illness severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 16, 675–685. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S303629
Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 395(10229), 1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
Published
2021-12-31
How to Cite
Faustine, I., Malik, A., Andrajati, R., & Wanandi, S. I. (2021). Clinical Characteristics and Severity Profile of COVID-19 Patient with Hypertension in Palu, Central Sulawesi. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 32(4), 563-572. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.2729
Issue
Section
Research Article
