Penilian Risiko Paparan Debu Silika Terhadap Pekerja di Industri Pengolahan Bijih Mineral

https://doi.org/10.22146/jkesvo.87667

Edi Karyono Putro(1), Saskia Nur Fadhilah Kusnadi(2*), Arif Susanto(3), Miftahul Zannah(4), Rizky Mahalisa(5), Anthony Andorful Manuel(6)

(1) Department HSE Divisi Concentrating PT Freeport Indonesia. Program Doktor Teknik Lingkungan Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
(2) Departmen HSE Divisi Concentrating PT Freeport Indonesia. Program Studi Teknologi Lingkungan Institut Teknologi Bandung
(3) Departmen HSE Divisi Concentrating PT Freeport Indonesia Program Doktor Ilmu Lingkungan, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia Magister Terapan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(4) Department HSE Divisi Concentrating PT Freeport Indonesia
(5) Department HSE Divisi Concentrating PT Freeport Indonesia
(6) Department Technical Service Divisi Concentrating PT Freeport Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Latar   Belakang: Proses industri bijih mineral menghasilkan debu silika yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan pekerja. Komposisinya bersifat karsinogenik dan dapat melebihi Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB).

Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko paparan debu silika terhadap tiga jenis sistem rotasi kerja di industri pengolahan bijih mineral.

Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah metodologi kuantitatif Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) dengan menghitung nilai Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) sesuai dengan kondisi jalur paparan, agen risiko, serta sistem rotasi kerja. Analisis dilakukan pada paparan debu silika tahun 2020 dan 2021. Pengambilan sampel debu silika dilakukan dengan pengukuran yang ditetapkan oleh OSHA-ID142.

Hasil: Konsentrasi debu silika pada proses industri bijih mineral melebihi NAB. Pada tahun 2020,
paparan debu silika berkisar antara 0.41-2.99 μg/m3, tetapi menurun pada 2021 menjadi 0.05-1.16 μg/m3. Baik pada tahun 2020 maupun 2021, perhitungan ECR berada dalam rentang aman yang ditetapkan oleh United States of Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Hasil perhitungan ECR di bawah 10-4 untuk ketiga sistem rotasi kerja di semua lokasi pengukuran.

Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi debu silika di atas NAB tetapi evaluasi ARKL menunjukkan adanya risiko karsinogenik terhadap tiga jenis rotasi kerja yang berada di bawah batas aman, sehingga hal ini tidak membahayakan pekerja. Industri bijih mineral perlu terus meningkatkan pengendalian debu untuk mengurangi konsentrasi debu silika di bawah NAB.


Keywords


bijih; debu; karsinogenik; mineral; silika

Full Text:

PDF


References

Ahmed, S., Choudhury, S.A.R.A., Dip, A.H., Bose, T., Sarkar, A.K., Rahman, M.A. and Ferdous, J. (2022). Respiratory symptoms, spirometric, and radiological status of stone‐cutting workers in Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study. Health Science Reports. 5(5): 1-8. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.753.

Baluchova, B., Bačík, P. and Mamova, A. (2019). The Health Impact of Mineral Dust Air Pollution on the Global and Local Scale (on the example from Slovakia). Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 40(Suppl1): 24–28. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31785223/.

Barnes, H., Goh, N.S.L., Leong, T.L. and Hoy, R. (2019). Silica‐associated lung disease: An old‐world exposure in modern industries. Respirology. 24(12): 1165–1175. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13695.

Basri, S., Bujawati, E., Amansyah, M., Habibi, dan Samisana. (2014). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (Model Pengukuran Risiko Pencemaran Udara terhadap Kesehatan). Jurnal Kesehatan. 7(2): 427-442. Available at: https://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/kesehatan/article/view/61.

Căluțu, I.-M., Smărăndescu, R.-A. and Rașcu, A. (2022). Biomonitoring Exposure and Early Diagnosis in Silicosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature. Biomedicines. 11(1): 100. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010100.

Ivanov, A.V. and Strizhenok, A.V. (2017). Efficiency of Dust Suppression with Aerosol Guns–Fogging Machines with Air-and-Fluid Jets. Journal of Mining Science. 53(1): 176–180. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739117011994.

Kermani, M., Jafari, A. J., Gholami, M., Arfaeinia, H., Shahsavani, A., and Fanaei, F. (2021). Characterization, possible sources and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound Heavy Metals in the most industrial city of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 19(1): 151–163. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00589-3.

Kim, H. R., Kim, B., Jo, B.S., and Lee, J.W. (2018). Silica exposure and work-relatedness evaluation for occupational cancer in Korea. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 30(1): 4. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0216-1.

Maleki, R., Asadgol, Z., Kermani, M., Jafari, A., Arfaeinia, H., and Gholami, M. (2022). Monitoring BTEX compounds and asbestos fibers in the ambient air of Tehran, Iran: Seasonal variations, spatial distribution, potential sources, and risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 102(16): 4220–4237. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1781836.

Margan, A., Verlak, D., Roj, G., and Fikfak, M. D. (2022). Occupational exposure to silica dust in Slovenia is grossly underestimated. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 73(4): 297–302. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3668

Menkes RI. (2014). Pedoman Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL). Direktorat Jenderal PP dan PL Kementerian Kesehatan. Available at: https://perpustakaan.kemkes.go.id/inlislite3/opac/detail-opac?id=8151. Diakses tanggal 1 Juli 2023.

Moghadam, S. R., Khanjani, N., Mohamadyan, M., Emkani, M., Yari, S., Tizabi, M. N. L., and Ganjali, A. (2020). Changes in Spirometry Indices and Lung Cancer Mortality Risk Estimation in Concrete Workers Exposed io Crystalline Silica. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 21(9): 2811–2817. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.9.2811

Nahin, M., Nahian, S., Islam, M. and Salam, A. (2022). Estimation and Health Risk Assessment of Respirable Silica in the Ambient Particulate Matter of Dhaka City. Dhaka University Journal of Science. 70(20): 35–41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v70i2.62604

National Insititute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2021). Silica, Crystaline (Respirable Size) Report on Carcinogens (15th ed.). National Toxicology Program.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2016a). ID-142 Crystalline Silica, Quarts, and Cristobalite. OSHA. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/methods/osha-id142.pdf. Diakses tanggal 1 Juli 2023.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2016b). Recommended Practices for Safety and Health Programs. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3886.pdf. Diakses tanggal 1 Juli 2023.

Paluchamy, B., Mishra, D. P. and Panigrahi, D. C. (2021). Airborne respirable dust in fully mechanised underground metalliferous mines – Generation, health impacts and control measures for cleaner production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 296 (February): 1-20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126524

Putri, A. N., Marlia, A., Mar’ah, E.C.F., Suswoyo, F.I.H., Hanief, M.A. and Firdaus, V.A. (2021). Review Sistematik: Identifikasi Bahaya Paparan Debu Silika pada Pekerja Tambang. CoMPHI Journal: Community Medicine and Public Health of Indonesia Journal. 1(3): 162–169. Available at: https://doi.org/10.37148/comphijournal.v1i3.30.

Raanan, R., Zack, O., Ruben, M., Perluk, I. and Moshe, S. (2022). Occupational Silica Exposure and Dose–Response for Related Disorders—Silicosis, Pulmonary TB, AIDs and Renal Diseases: Results of a 15-Year Israeli Surveillance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19(22): 15010. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215010.

Rahman, A. (2017). Buku Rancangan Pengajaran Ananlisis Risiko Kehatan Lingkungan (ARKL). Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat UI.

Ramdani, M., Sunaryo, M., Ayu, F. dan Ratriwardhani, R. (2022). Risk Assessment pada Pekerjaan Pengembalian Contoh Uji di PT. XYZ. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan. 8(13): 268-281. Available at: http://jurnal.peneliti.net/index.php/JIWP/article/view/1947.

Schlünssen, V., Mandrioli, D., Pega, F., Momen, N.C., Ádám, B., Chen, W., … and Scheepers, P. T. J. (2023). The prevalences and levels of occupational exposure to dusts and/or fibres (silica, asbestos and coal): A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. Environment International. 178(Agustus): 107980. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107980

Sharma, B. B., Mishra, D. K., Singh, T., Nargotra, N., Sharma, R. K., and Gupta, P. (2020). Radiological Manifestation of Progressive Massive Fibrosis as a Complication of Silicosis-Case Report. Nepalese Journal of Radiology. 10(1): 34–37. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3126/njr.v10i1.29514.

Shaykhlislamova, E. R., Karimova, L. K., Beigul, N. A., Muldasheva, N. A., Fagamova, A. Z., Shapoval, I. V, … and Larionova, E.A. (2022). Occupational health risk for workers from basic occupational groups employed at copper and zinc ore mining enterprises: Assessment and management. Health Risk Analysis. 2(Juni): 107–118. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.2.10.eng.

Sogl, M., Taeger, D., Pallapies, D., Brüning, T., Dufey, F., Schnelzer, M., … and Kreuzer, M. (2012). Quantitative relationship between silica exposure and lung cancer mortality in German uranium miners, 1946–2003. British Journal of Cancer. 107(7): 1188–1194. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.374.

Sunaryo, M. dan Rhomadhoni, M. (2021). Analisis Kadar Debu Respirabel Terhadap Keluhan Kesehatan Pada Pekerja. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Khatulistiwa. 8(2): 63–71. Available at: https://doi.org/10.29406/jkmk.v8i2.2480.

Susilawati, S., Budiani, R.L., Paramita, I. dan Puspitasiwi, P. (2023). Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (SMK3) di Puskesmas Umbulharjo II Kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Kesehatan Vokasional. 8(2): 112. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22146/jkesvo.72671

Thomas, C.R. and Kelley, T.R. (2010). A Brief Review of Silicosis in the United States. Environmental Health Insights. 4(May): 21–26. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4137/EHI.S4628.

Triyadi, D., Nurjazuli. dan Dangiran, H. (2016). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Akibat Paparan Benzene Melalui Inhalasi pada Petugas Stasiun Pengisian Bahan Bakar Umum (SPBU) di Sekitar Kawasan Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 4(4): 907–916. Available at: https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm/article/view/14386.

Vanka, K. S., Shukla, S., Gomez, H.M., James, C., Palanisami, T., Williams, K., … and Horvat, J.C. (2022). Understanding the pathogenesis of occupational coal and silica dust-associated lung disease. European Respiratory Review. 31(165): 210250. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0250-2021.

Wijaya, I.P.E.K., Rai, I.B.N., dan Andrika, I.P. (2019). Hubungan antara Pajanan Debu Silika dengan Transforming Growth Factor-ß1 Serum pada Pekerja Industri Pengolahan Batu. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia. 6(2): 64. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v6i2.311.

Worlanyo, A.S. and Jiangfeng, L. (2021). Evaluating the environmental and economic impact of mining for post-mined land restoration and land-use: A review. Journal of Environmental Management. 279(February): 111623. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111623.

Xie, Z., Huang, C., Zhao, Z., Xiao, Y., Zhao, Q., and Lin, J. (2022). Review and prospect the development of dust suppression technology and influencing factors for blasting construction. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 125(July) 104532. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104532.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jkesvo.87667

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3054 | views : 4676

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Kesehatan Vokasional

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


 

Jurnal Kesehatan Vokasional with registered number ISSN 2541-0644 (print), ISSN 2599-3275 (online) published by the Departement of Health Information Management and Services, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada

site
stats View My Stats