Hubungan timbal dan krom pada pemakaian pewarna batik dengan kadar hemoglobin dan packed cell volume pada pengrajin batik di Kecamatan Lendah Kulon Progo

https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.39156

Pramudji Hastuti(1*), Sunarti Sunarti(2), Prasetyastuti Prasetyastuti(3), Ngadikun Ngadikun(4), Tasmini Tasmini(5), Dianandha Septiana Rubi(6), Sri Sutarni(7), Indrasari Kusuma Harahap(8), Kusumo Dananjoyo(9), Suhartini Suhartini(10), Ida Bagus Gd. Surya Putra Pidada(11), Hendro Widagdo(12), Martiana Suciningtyas(13)

(1) Departemen Biokimia, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(2) Departemen Biokimia, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(3) Departemen Biokimia, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(4) Departemen Biokimia, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(5) Departemen Biokimia, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(6) Departemen Biokimia, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(7) Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Syaraf, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(8) Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Syaraf, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(9) Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Syaraf, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(10) Departemen Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(11) Departemen Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(12) Departemen Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(13) Departemen Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, dan Keperawatan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


ABSTRAK Cara membatik di Indonesia mulai banyak beralih dari pemakaian bahan alami menjadi bahan cat sintesis. Cat sintetis yang digunakan sering kali mengandung logam berat di antaranya timbal (Pb) dan kromium (Cr). Pemakaian logam berat dalam waktu lama akan mengganggu kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan kadar logam Pb dan Cr dalam darah dan limbah dengan kadar hemoglobin (Hb) dan packed cell volume (PCV) serta mengetahui prevalensi gejala toksisitas yang dirasakan pada pekerja di tiga sentra batik di Kecamatan Lendah Kulon Progo. Sebanyak 76 pegawai di tiga sentra batik terdiri atas 37 orang dari sentra SB, 20 orang dari FA dan 19 orang dari SA ditentukan kadar Hb, PCV, kadar Pb dan Cr-nya dengan metode inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Air limbah lingkungan dari ketiga lokasi sentra batik diambil dan diperiksa kadar Pb dan Cr-nya. Hasil antara ketiga lokasi diuji
normalitasnya dan dianalisis dengan analisis varian atau Kruskal-Wallis. Hubungan antara kadar Pb dan Cr baik darah maupun limbah dengan kadar logam berat dalam darah dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Pearson atau Spearman. Hasil dinyatakan berbeda bermakna jika p < 0,05. Gejala penyakit yang dialami pekerja yang diperkirakan berhubungan dengan toksisitas logam berat dihitung frekuensinya. Hasil pemeriksaan antropometri, tekanan darah, kadar Hb, PCV dan logam berat dari ketiga lokasi yang diperiksa tidak berbeda bermakna (p > 0,05). Kadar Pb darah dan krom di sentra SB dan FA berbeda bermakna dengan di sentra SA (p < 0,05). Tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan secara statistik antara kadar Pb darah, Cr darah, dan Pb limbah dengan kadar Hb dan PCV. Gejala iritasi kulit, pusing, dan nyeri sendi dirasakan oleh 36,8-48,7% responden. Kadar timbal dan krom darah pembatik di sentra SB dan FA lebih tinggi dari pada di sentra SA. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara toksisitas Pb dan Cr dengan kadar Hb dan PCV. Gejala toksisitas di antara pekerja batik diperkirakan dapat terjadi karena toksisitas logam berat kronis akibat pemakaian cat batik.

KATA KUNCI batik; hemoglobin; kromium; sel darah; timbal

 

ABSTRACT The dye used to color batik has changed from natural to synthetic materials in several places in Indonesia. Synthetic paints often contain heavy metals including lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). Chronic use of heavy metals can affect health. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between blood and waste water levels of Pb and Cr with hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV), and to determine how many workers felt the toxicity symptoms in three batik centers in Lendah, Kulon Progo. A total of 76 batik center employees, consisted of 37, 20, and 19 people from the SB, FA, and SA centers were recruited. Determination of Hb, PCV, Pb and Cr levels were conducted with the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. Waste water from the three batik centers is taken and examined. The data were analyzed by Oneway ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. Correlation analyses were performed with Pearson or Spearman correlation test. Results were considered significant if p < 0.05. Disease symptoms experienced by workers that were estimated to be associated with heavy metal toxicity were calculated in frequency. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, Hb levels, PCV and heavy metals levels were not significantly different between centers (p>0.05). Blood Pb and Cr from the SB and FA were significantly different from those at the SA center (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant correlations between blood Pb levels, blood Cr, and Pb waste with hemoglobin and PCV levels. Symptoms of skin irritation, dizziness, and joint pain were felt by 37-49% of respondents. Blood levels of Pb and Cr in the SB and FA centers are higher than in the SA centers. There was no significant correlation between Pb and Cr toxicity with hemoglobin and PCV levels. Symptoms of toxicity among batik workers are thought to occur due to chronic heavy metal toxicity due to the use of synthetic paint.

KEYWORDS batik; haemoglobin; chromium; blood cell; plumbum


Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Indonesian batik-intangible heritage culture sector [Internet]. France: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; 2009. Available from: http://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/indonesia-batik-00170.
  2. ANTARA. Batik Indonesia resmi diakui UNESCO [Internet]. Jakarta: ANTARA; 2009 [updated 2009 Oct 2]. Available from: http://m.antaranews.com/berita/156389/batik-indonesia-resmi-diakui-unesco.
  3. Pemerintah Kabupaten Kulon Progo [Internet]. Kulon Progo, D. I. Yogyakarta: Pemerintah Kabupaten Kulon Progo; 2017. Available from: http://www.kulonprogokab.go.id
  4. Badan Pusat Satistik Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Kecamatan Lendah dalam angka [Internet]. Kulon Progo, D. I. Yogyakarta: Badan Pusat Satistik Kabupaten Kulon Progo; 2017. Available from: http://www.bps.go.id
  5. Riwayati I, Hartati I, Purwanto H, Suwardiyono. Adsorpsi logam berat timbal dan kadmium pada limbah batik menggunakan biosorbent pulpa kopi terxanthasi. Prosiding Seminar Aplikasi Sains dan Teknologi; 2014 Nov 15; Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Yogyakarta; 2014.
  6. Sasongko DP, Tresna WP. Identifikasi unsur dan kadar logam berat pada limbah pewarna batik dengan metode analisis pengaktif neutron. Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi TELAAH. 2010;27:22-27.
  7. Naja GM, Volesky B. Heavy metals in the environment. New York: Humana Press; 2009. Chapter Toxicity and sources of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and radionuclides in the environment.
  8. Nędzarek A, Tórz A, Karakiewicz B, Clark JS, Laszczyńska M, Kaleta A, et al. Concentrations of heavy metals (Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Ag, Pb) in coffee. Acta Biochim Pol. 2013;60(4):623–627.
  9. Vorvolakos T, Arseniou S, Samakouri M. There is no safe threshold for lead exposure: Alpha literature review. Psychiatriki. 2016;27(3):204-14.
  10. Memon NS, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Baig JA, Arain SS, Sahito OM, et al. Evaluation of calcium and lead interaction, in addition to their impact on thyroid functions in hyper and hypothyroid patients. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016;23(1):878-86.
  11. Steenland K, Barry V, Anttila A, Sallmén M, McElvenny D, Todd AC, et al. A cohort mortality study of lead-exposed workers in the USA, Finland and the UK. Occup Environ Med. 2017;74(11):785-91.
  12. Junaid M, Hashmi MZ, Malik RN, Pei DS. Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by chromium in workers exposed from different occupational settings around the globe: A review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016;23(20):20151-67.
  13. Rao DL. Heavy metals causing toxicity in humans, animals, and environment, national seminar on impact of toxic metals, minerals and solvents leading to environmental pollution. J Chem Pharmaceut Sci. 2014.
  14. Mason LH, Harp JP, Han DY. Pb neurotoxicity: Neurophysychological effect of lead toxicity. Biomed Res Int. 2014;(10):840547.
  15. Chen P, Miah MR, Aschner M. Metals and neurodegeneration. F1000 Res. 2016. Version 1. F1000Res. 2016;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-366.
  16. Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA. Lead toxicity: A review. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2015;8(2):55-64.
  17. Raikwar MK, Kumar P, Singh M, Singh A, Toxic effect of heavy metals in livestock health. Vet World. 2008;1(1):28-30.
  18. Vaishaly AG, Mathew BB, Krishnamurthy NB. Health effects caused by metal contaminated ground water. Intern J Advances Sci Res. 2015;1(02): 60-64.
  19. D’souza HS, Dsouza SA, Menezes G, Venkatesh T. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of lead poisoning in general population. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2011;26: 197–201.
  20. Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Strużyńska L, Gutowska I, Machalińska A, Kolasa A, Kłos P, et al. Perinatal exposure to lead induces morphological, ultrastructural and molecular alterations in the hippocampus. Toxicology. 2013;303:187-200.
  21. Bibi M, Hashmi MZ, Malik RN. The level and distribution of heavy metals and changes in oxidative stress indices in humans from Lahore district, Pakistan. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2016;35(1):78–90.
  22. Gillis BS, Arbieva Z, Gavin IM. Analysis of lead toxicity in human cells. BMC Genomics. 2012;13:344.
  23. Fenga C, Gangemi S, Di Salvatore V, Falzone L, Libra M. Immunological effects of occupational exposure to lead. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(5):3355-60.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.39156

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3755 | views : 4669

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Community Empowerment for Health

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.