The Role of Emotional Intelligence toward Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Adolescents
Abstract
People experience more rapid physical, social, and emotional development in adolescence than in any other developmental stage. The dramatic changes may cause them volatile mental conditions and difficulties in overcoming various behavioral problems summarised as internalizing (IP) and externalizing problems (EP). One of the protective factors is emotional intelligence (EI) because someone with good emotional intelligence can control emotions when angry and adapt to unpleasant situations. This study aimed to determine the role of EI on IP and EP in Indonesian adolescents. This study used a quantitative research design with a simple random sampling technique. The research subjects were adolescents aged 15 to 18 years (N = 300) who attended nine high schools in East Java, consisting of 96 males and 204 females. The research instruments used were the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (SEIS) and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The results showed a significant negative role between emotional intelligence and internalizing problems (R2 =.391; F(1,298) = 191.649; p <.001) and externalizing problems (R2 =.281; F(1.298) = 116.230; p <.001). The higher one's ability to understand, regulate, and use emotions, the lower the manifestation of internal and external problematic behavior. It means that EI is confirmed to predict the IP and EP. The way to advance the capacity of adolescents' emotional intelligence is to try to express emotions and regulate and utilize their feelings. So adolescents do not develop mental health problems.
Keywords
DOI: 10.22146/gamajop.96089
References
Achenbach, T.M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist and 1991 profile. Burlington: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
Anggono. (201 8). The reformer of learning models and emotional intelligence to accounting understanding (experimental studies in students of SMK Negeri 1 Medan). Thesis (unpublished). Medan: University of North Sumatra.
Baroncelli, A., & Ciucci, E. (2014). Unique effects of different components of trait emotional intelligence in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescence, 37(6), 807-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.05.009
Blakemore, S. J., Choudhury, S. (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: Implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 47(3-4), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01611.x
Buyadaa, N., Song, H. (2021). The influence of father-adolescent attachment on adolescents' internalizing behavior problems within the Mongolian family context and the analysis of moderation effects of adolescents' gender. Koren J Child Stud, 42(3), 415-425. https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2021.42.3.415
Campbell, A., & Ntobedzi, A. (2007). Emotional intelligence, coping, and psychological distress: A partial least square approach to developing a predictive model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 3(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.7790/EJAP. V3I2.91
Carrera-Fernández, M. V., Cid-Fernández, X.M., Almeida, A., González-Fernández, A., & Lameiras-Fernández, M. (2019). Me and us versus the others: Troubling the bullying phenomenon. Youth & Society, 1(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X19857868
Cole, D. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Nick, E. A., Lubarsky, S. R., Rights, J. D. (2019). Simultaneously examining negative appraisals, emotion reactivity, and cognitive reactivity in relation to depressive symptoms in children. Dev Psychopathol, 31(4), 1527-1540. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001207
Connell, A.M., & Goodman, S. H. (2002). The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 746–773. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909,128.5.746
Cooper, R. K., & Sawaf, A. (1998). Executive EQ: Emotional intelligence in leadership and organizations. New York: Grosset/Putnam
Danneel, S., Nelemans, S., Spithoven, A., Bastin, M., Bijttebier, P., Colpin, H., ... Goossens, L. (2019). Internalizing problems in adolescence: Linking loneliness, social anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms over time. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 47(10), 1691-1705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00539-0
Deater-Deckard, K. (2004). Parenting stress. New Havem: Yale University Press.
Dishion, T. J., & Tipsord, J.M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412
Ediati, A. (2015). Profile of emotional/behavioral problems in junior high school students in Semarang City. Journal of Psychology Undip, 14(2), 190–198. https://doi.org/10.14710/jpu.14.2.190-198
Endaryani, V.S., Yuniardi, M.S., & Syakarofath, N.A (2020). Pelatihan antecedent-focused & response-focused untuk meningkatkan regulasi emosi pada remaja panti asuhan. Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP), 6(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.55232
Estévez, E., Estévez, J. F., Segura, L., & Suárez, C. (2019). The influence of bullying and cyberbullying in the psychological adjustment of victims and aggressors in adolescence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122080
Fiori, M., Vesely-Maillefer, A.K. (2018). Emotional intelligence as an ability: Theory, challenges, and new directions. In: Keefer, K., Parker, J., Saklofske, D. (eds) Emotional Intelligence in Education. The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90633-1_2
Fischer, A.H., Kret, M.E., & Broekens, J. (2018). Gender differences in emotion perception and self-reported emotional intelligence: A test of the emotion sensitivity hypothesis. PLoS One. 25;13(1): e0190712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190712.
Flanagan, D. P., Harrison, P. L. (2005). Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues. New York: Guilford Press
Forns M, Abad J, Kirchner T. (2011). Encyclopedia of Adolescence. New York: Springer.
Garcia-Sancho, E., Salguero, J.M., & Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2017). Ability to emotional intelligence and its relation to aggression across time and age groups. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12331
Goleman, D. (2009). Emotional intelligence: Why EI is more important than IQ. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Main Library
Goleman, D. (2016). Emotional intelligence. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Main Library
Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
Graber, J. A., & Sontag, L.M. (2009). Internalizing problems during adolescence. In R.M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology, 3(2), 642-683. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001020
Hui, Y.M., Hian, K. D., Choo, Y.C., Aun, T. S., Wan, G. S. (2019). The impact of emotional intelligence on problem behavior among adolescents in Malaysia. The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.09.6
Hurlock, E.B. (1980). Developmental psychology. Jakarta: Erlangga
Ilyas, M., & Azizah, D. N. (2020). The influence of emotional intelligence on the deviant behavior of adolescents in the village of Lalu Kuok district of Kampar district. MIMBAR, 6(2), 62-83. https://doi.org/10.47435/pulpit.v6i2.444
Ingles, C. J., Torregrosa, M. S., Garcia-Fernandez, J.M., Martinez-Monteagudo, M.C., Estevez, E., & Delgado, B. (2015). Aggressive behavior and emotional intelligence in adolescence. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 7(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v7i1.97
Istiqomah, I. (2017). Psychometric parameters of strength and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). Psympathic: Scientific Journal of Psychology, 4(2), 251-264. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v4i2.1756
Jenson, W. R., Harward, S., Bowen, J.M. (2011). The Oxford handbook of school psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jonta, T. Y. (2018). The relationship between emotional intelligence and juvenile delinquency. Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University
Kemenpppa. (2020). Pelaksanaan sitem peradilan pidana anak. Laporan Tahun 2020. https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/lib/uploads/list/27279-laporan-pelaksanaan-sppa-tahun-2020.pdf
Kholifah, K. (2018). The influence of parental parenting on the emotional intelligence of AUD TK Muslimat NU 1 Tuban. Journal of Children's Education, 7(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpa.v7i1.24446.
Kim HY. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod, 38(1),52-54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52.
Krathwohl, D. R., Bloom, B. S., & Masia, B.B. (1964). Taxonomy of educational objectives: Handbook II: Affective domain. New York, NY: David McKay
Kuehner, C. (2017). Why is depression more common among women than among men? The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30263–2.
Liu, J. (2004). Childhood externalizing behavior: Theory and implications. Journal of child and adolescent psychiatric nursing, 17(3), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2004.tb00003.x.
Liu, J. (2018). Evaluating links among shyness, peer relations, and internalizing problems in Chinese young adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(3), 696–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12406
Lomas, J., Stough, C., Hansen, K., & Downey, L. A. (2011). Brief report: Emotional intelligence, victimization and bullying in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 207–211. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.03.002
Luitjen, C.C. (2021). Associations between adolescents' internalizing problems and well-being: Iss there a buffering role of boys' and girls' relationships with their mothers and fathers? BMC Public Health, 21, 1871. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11920-4.
Majid, B.N.U., Widyasari, D.C., Karmiyati, D., & Syakarofath, N.A (2023). Relationship between parent-adolescent interaction and the likelihood of internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents. Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi, 28(1), 13-14. https://doi.org/10.20885/psikologika.vol28.iss1.art1
Mayer, J. D., & Cobb, C. D. (2000). Educational policy on emotional intelligence: Does it make sense? Educational psychology review, 12(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009093231445.
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093646
Madigan, S., Atkinson, L., Laurin, K., & Benoit, D. (2013). Attachment and internalizing behavior in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Developmental psychology, 49(4), 672-689. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028793
Malekar, S., & Mohanty, R. P. (2009). Factors affecting emotional intelligence: an empirical study for some school students in India. Int. J. Management in Education, 3(1), 8-28. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIE.2009.023085
Mendle, J., Turkheimer, E., Emery, R.E. (2007). Detrimental psychological outcomes associated with early pubertal timing in adolescent girls. Dev Rev, 27(2), 151-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.11.001
Muarif, A. K., Adiyanti, M. G. (2020). Emotional intelligence training to reduce burnout to members of the Police of the Republic of Indonesia. Journal of Psychological Perspective, 2(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.47679/jopp.021.062000002
Oktaviana, M., & Wimbarti, S. (2014). The validity of clinical strength and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) as an instrument of behavioral disorder screening. Journal of Psychology, 41(1), 101-114. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.6961
Parinussa, J., Taryana, T., Ningtyas, A., Rachman, R., & Tannady, H. (2023). Developing student emotional intelligence by involving the active role of the teacher. Journal on Education, 5(3), 8528-8533. https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i3.1638
Patton, P. (1998). Emotional intelligence in the workplace. Jakarta: Delaprata Library
Princess, S. H., Salim, I. K., Armayati, L. (2019). The influence of spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence on adolescents' tendency to behave diligently. An-Nafs: Journal of the Faculty of Psychology, 13(1), 55-62
Salavera, C., Usan, P. & Teruel, P. (2019). The relationship of internalizing problems with emotional intelligence and social skills in secondary education students: gender differences. Psicologia, 32(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-018-0115-y
Salguero, J.M., Palomera, R., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2012). Perceived emotional intelligence as a predictor of psychological adjustment in adolescents: a 1-year prospective study. European journal of psychology of education, 27(1), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-011-0063-8
Salovey P and Mayer J. (1990). Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, cognition, and personality, 9(3), 185-2. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
Salovey, P., & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. Current directions in psychological science, 14(6), 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00381.x
Samek, D. R., Hicks, B.M. (2014). Externalizing disorders and environmental risk: Mechanisms of gene-environment interplay and strategies for intervention. Clin Pract (Lon), 11(5), 537–547. https://doi.org/10.2217/CPR.14.47.
Sanabrias-Moreno D, Sánchez-Zafra M, Zagalaz-Sánchez ML, Cachón-Zagalaz J. (2023). Emotional intelligence, quality of life, and concern for gender perspective in future teachers. Sustainability, 15(4):3640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043640
Sanchez-Ruiz, M.-J., & Baaklini, A. (2018). Individual and social correlates of aggressive behavior in Lebanese undergraduates: The role of trait emotional intelligence. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(3), 350–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1353476
Santrock, J. W. (2007). Adolescentss. Jakarta: Erlangga
Serrat, O. (2017). Understanding and developing emotional intelligence. In: Knowledge Solutions. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_37
Schijven, E. P., VanDerNagel, J. E., Otten, R., Lammers, J., & Poelen, E. A. (2021). Take it personally! Development and modeling study of an indicated prevention program for substance use in adolescents and young adults with mild intellectual disabilities and borderline intellectual functioning. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 34(1), 307-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12808
Schneider R. L., Arch J. J., Landy, L. N., Hankin, B. L. (2016). The longitudinal effect of emotion regulation strategies on anxiety levels in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 00(00), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1157757
Schokman, C., Downey, L. A., Lomas, J., Wellham, D., Wheaton, A., Simmons, N., & Stough, C. (2014). Emotional intelligence, victimization, bullying behaviors, and attitudes. Learning and Individual Differences, pp. 36, 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif2014.10.013
Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J.M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4
Shapero, B. G., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L.B. (2015). Emotional reactivity and internalizing symptoms: The moderating role of emotion regulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9722-4
Shylla, A.B. R., Bapu, V. K. G. (2021). Emotional intelligence and perceived parenting styles among late adolescents. Indian Journal of Mental Health, 8(3), 262-267.
Silfiasari. (2019). Emotional intelligence and student life satisfaction: mediated by student involvement in school. Thesis (unpublished). Malang: University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Sim, T. N., & Koh, S. F. (2003). A domain conceptualization of adolescent susceptibility to peer pressure. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1301002.
Spiroiu, F. (2018). A critical evaluation of risk and protective factors influencing the development and maintenance of internalizing disorders in adolescents. Int J Psychiatr Res, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.33425/2641-4317.1002
Suyanto & Sutinah. (2008). Social research methods: sharing alternative approaches. Jakarta: Kencana.
Stalker, K.C. (2020). Risk factors for externalizing behavior among adolescents: Does the level of risk matter? Children and Youth Services Review, 111, 104829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104829
Stein, S. J., & Book, H. E. (2011). The EQ Edge: Emotional intelligence and your success. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Stuart, G. W. (2016). Stuart's mental health nursing principles and practices. Singapore: Elsevier.
Sulistio, W., Wiroko, E., Paramita, A. D. (2018). The Influence of emotional intelligence on Adolescent Social Adjustment in Boarding Schools. Journal of Psychology, 16(1), 37-44.
Tandon, M., Cardeli, E., & Luby, J. (2009). Internalizing disorders in early childhood: a review of depressive and anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(3), 593–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.004
Tanner, J., Davies, S., & O'Grady, B. (1999) "Whatever happened to yesterday's rebels? Longitudinal effects of youth delinquency on education and employment." Social Problems, 46(2), 250-274. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1999.46.2.03x0188f
Tomazsek, K., & Muchacka-Cymerman, A. (2020). Examining the relationship between student school burnout and problematic internet use. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20(2), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.12738/jestp.2020.2.002
UNESCO. (2021). One year into COVID-19 education disruption: Where do we stand? Retrieved 5 October 2021 from https://en.unesco.org/news/one-year-covid-19-education-disruption-where-do-we-stand.
Vega, A., Cabello, R., Megias-Robles, A., Gomez-Leal, R., Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2021). Emotional Intelligence and Aggressive Behaviors in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, &Abuse, 20(10), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838021991296
Velotti, P. (2021). Loneliness, emotion dysregulation, and internalizing symptoms during coronavirus disease 2019: A structural equation modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 581494. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.581494
Wairooy, N. (2021). Analysis of parental parenting of internalization, externalization, and attention disorders in adolescents. Care: Journal of Health Sciences, 9(2), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.33366/jc.v9i2.1392
Wiguna, T., Guerrero, A. P., Kaligis, F. & Khamelia, M. (2010). Psychiatric morbidity among children in North Aceh district (Indonesia) exposed to the 26 December 2004 Tsunami. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 2(3): 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2010.00079.x
Winarsunu, T. (2009). Statistics in psychology & education research. Unfortunate: UMM Press.
Zulnida, E. F., Kendhawati, L., Moeliono, M. F. (2020). Relationship of Internalization and Externalization Behavior Problems with Intelligence Level in Adolescents in Bandung. JIPT, 8(2), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v8i2.12735
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders Globalhealth Estimate.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gadjah Mada Journal of Psychology (GamaJoP)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
* Corresponding Author
