Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal protozoan infection among child students with disabilities in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.19106/JMedSci005302202109

Fahriana Azmi(1*), Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati(2), Mahardika Agus Wijayanti(3)

(1) Student of Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Departement of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Al-Azhar, Mataram,
(2) Departement of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(3) Departement of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Children with disabilities are excluded from many aspects of life. Unfortunately, they have an increased risk of infection from many kinds of pathogens including intestinal protozoan. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and to evaluate the associated factors among children with disabilities in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted at school with special needs between June-December, 2019. A total of 150 participants were recruited through simple random sampling. Stool samples were examined microscopically by formalin-ether concentration and Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Age was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney tests, while the other variables used chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with intestinal protozoan infections. The adjusted prevalence ratio with a 95% confidence interval at a 5% level of significance was used to measure the strength of association. Overall, there were 15 children infected by intestinal protozoan among 130 subjects with mean age of participants of 9.83 ± 3.1 years. The intestinal protozoan species were Entamoeba histolytica 7 (5.38%), Giardia lamblia 4 (3.08%), Blastocystis hominis 7 (5.38%) and Iodamoeba butschlii 1 (0.77%). Prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection among children with disabilities in Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Special Region was 11.54%. There were no significant correlations between the risk factors and intestinal protozoan infection among children with disabilities (p>0.05).


Keywords


intestinal protozoa; formalin-ether concentration technique; Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique; risk factors; children with disabilities;

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Zeibig EA. Clinical parasitology : a practical approach, 2nd ed. Saunders: Missouri, 2013.
  2. Gizaw Z, Adane T, Azanaw J, Addisu A, Haile D. Childhood intestinal parasitic infection and sanitation predictor in Rural Dembiya, Northwest Ethiopia. Environt Health Prev Med 2018; 23:26-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-018-0714-3
  3. Fentahun AA, Asrat A, Bitew A, Mulat S. Intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among mentally disabled and non-disabled primary school students, Bahir Dar, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia 2018: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:549-60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4165-2
  4. Shehata AI & Hassanein F. Intestinal parasitic infections among mentally handicapped individuals in Alexandria, Egypt. Annals Parasitol 2015; 61(4):275-81.
  5. Djaen APT, Tridjoko H, Mulyaningsih B. Gambaran infeksi protozoa usus pada Siswa SD Negeri Cokrokusuman Yogyakarta [Skripsi]. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2014.
  6. Sarkari B, Hosseini G, Motazedian MH, Fararouei M, Moshfe A. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal protozoan infections: a population-based study in rural areas of Boyer-Ahmad district, Southwestern Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16(1):703-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-2047-4
  7. World Health Organization. International classification of functioning, disability, and health, children & youth version. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2007.
  8. Emerson E, Felce D, Stancliffe RJ. Issue concerning self-report data and population-based data sets involving people with intellectual disabilities. Intellect Dev Disabil 2013; 51(5):333-48. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-51.5.333
  9. Kuper H, Mactaggart I, White S, Dionicio C, Cañas R, Naber J, et al. Exploring the links between water, sanitation and hygiene and disability: results from a case-control study in Guatemala. PLoS ONE 2018; 13(6):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197360
  10. Maha MS, Moniaga VA, Hills SL, Widjaya A, Sasmito A, Hariyati R, et al. Outcome and extent of disability following Japanese Encephalitits in Indonesian children. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13:389-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.01.009
  11. Bahmani P, Maleki A, Sadeghi S, Shahmoradi B, Ghahremani E. Prevalence of intestinal protozoa infections and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in Sanandaj City, Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2017; 12(1):108-16.
  12. Zemene T, & Shiferaw MB. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in children under the age of 5 years attending the Debre Birhan Referral Hospital, North Soa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11(58):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3166-3
  13. Lemeshow S, Hosmer Jr DW, Klar J, Lwana SK. Adequacy of sample size in health studies. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990.
  14. World Health Organization. Bench aids for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Geneva: Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994.
  15. Saeidinia A, Tavakoli I, Naghipour MR, Rahmati B, Ghavami-Lahiji H, Salkhori O, et al. Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and Other Intestinal Parasites among Institutionalized Mentally Disabled Individuals in Rasht, Northern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2016; 11(4):527-33.
  16. Sianturi MDG, Rahakbauw IM, Meyanti F, Kusumasari RA, Hartriyanti Y, Murhandarwati EEH. Prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and association with hygiene knowledge among primary schoolchildren in Salahutu and Leihitu districts, Central Maluku regency, Indonesia. Trop Biomed 2016; 33(3): 428-36.
  17. Meskin VM, Hamedi Y, Hengami MH, Eftekhar E, Shamseddin J, Sarasiabi KS. Intestinal parasitic infection in Mental Retardation Centre of Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2019; 14(2):318-25.
  18. World Health Organization. Measuring health and disability, Manual for WHO Disability Assessment Schedule WHODAS 2.0. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.
  19. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Penyandang disabilitas pada anak. Infodatin Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI, 2014.
  20. Shrestha J, Bhattachan B, Rai G, Park EY, Rai SK. Intestinal parasitic infection among public and private school children of Kathmandu, Nepal: prevalence and associated risk factors. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12(192):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4225-0
  21. Osman M, Safadi DE, Cian A, Benamrouz S, Nourrisson C, Poirier P, et al. Prevalence and risk factor intestinal protozoan infection with Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Blastocystis, and Dientamoeba among school children in Tripoli, Lebanon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10(3):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004496
  22. Berhe B, Mardu F, Legese H, Adhanom G, Haileslasie H, Gebremichail G, et al. More than half prevalence of protozoan parasitic infection among diarrheic outpatient in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia 2019: a cross-sectional study. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13(1):27-34. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S238493
  23. Alemu G, Abossie A, Yohannes Z. Current status of intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among primary school children in Birbir Town, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:270-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3879-5
  24. Adams KN, Farquhar D, Senior BA, Thorp BD, Zanation AM, Ebert CS. A pilot comparison between caregiver’s and patient’s perceived quality of life in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhino Allergy 2018; 32(3):153-159.
  25. Sitotaw B., Mekuriaw, H., Damtie, D. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among Jawi Primary School Children, Jawi Town, Nort-West Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19(341):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3971-x
  26. Xiao S, Yin P, Zhang Y, Hu S. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and the relationship between protozoa and water quality indicator in swimming pools. Korean J Parasitol 2017; 55(2):129-35. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.129



DOI: https://doi.org/10.19106/JMedSci005302202109

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 1503 | views : 2232


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2021 Fahriana Azmi, Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati, Mahardika Agus Wijayanti

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.