The use of software packages of R factoextra and FactoMineR and their application in principal component analysis for authentication of oils

  • Irnawati Irnawati Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Halu Oleo Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara 93232 Indonesia
  • Florentinus Dika Octa Riswanto Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Kampus III Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55282 Indonesia
  • Sugeng Riyanto Departemen Kimia Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
  • Sudibyo Martono Departemen Kimia Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
  • Abdul Rohman Departemen Kimia Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
Keywords: adulteration, principal component analysis, oils, R software

Abstract

Several oils have been reported as nutritional source and providing potential benefits for human life. Oil adulteration becomes major issue due to economical attempt to reduce the price of high cost oils. The employment of FTIR spectroscopy combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique can be applied in oils authentication study. Two of R software packages namely factoextra and FactoMineR were exploited to perform PCA for analysis sixteen various oils from market in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The results showed that PCA model have been successfully generated using these two statistical packages. Individual plot, variable plot, and biplot were presented to visualize the PCA model. It was also proved that extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has similar chemical characteristics to palm oil (PO) as reported in the previous study.

References

Irnawati; Riyanto, S.; Martono, S.; Rohman, A. Analysis of Palm Oil As Oil Adulterant in Olive and Pumpkin Seed Oils in Ternary Mixture Systems Using Ftir Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. 2019, 11, 210–215.

Mas’ud, F.; Mahendradatta, M.; Laga, A.; Zainal, Z. Optimization of mango seed kernel oil extraction using response surface methodology. OCL 2017, 24, D503.

Shah, M.; Garg, S.K. Application of 2 k Full Factorial Design in Optimization of Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil. J. Eng. 2014, 2014, 828606.

Kiritsakis, A.K.; Kyritsakis, K.A.; Mavroudi, M.N. Fats and oils. In The Mediterranean Diet: Constituents and Health Promotion; 2001 ISBN 9781420042221.

Singh, R.; Shushni, M.A.M.; Belkheir, A. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Mentha piperita L. Arab. J. Chem. 2015, 8, 322–328.

Swamy, M.K.; Akhtar, M.S.; Sinniah, U.R. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: An updated review. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 2016, 1–21.

Phasomkusolsil, S.; Soonwera, M. Comparative mosquito repellency of essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2011, 1, 113–118.

Tripathi, A.K.; Upadhyay, S.; Bhuiyan, M.; Bhattacharya, P.R. A review on prospects of essential oils as biopesticide in insect-pest management. J. Pharmacogn. Phyther. 2009, 1, 52–63.

Saporito, F.; Sandri, G.; Bonferoni, M.C.; Rossi, S.; Boselli, C.; Cornaglia, A.I.; Mannucci, B.; Grisoli, P.; Vigani, B.; Ferrari, F. Essential oil-loaded lipid nanoparticles for wound healing. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2018, 13, 175–186.

Celia, C.; Trapasso, E.; Locatelli, M.; Navarra, M.; Ventura, C.A.; Wolfram, J.; Carafa, M.; Morittu, V.M.; Britti, D.; Di Marzio, L.; et al. Anticancer activity of liposomal bergamot essential oil (BEO) on human neuroblastoma cells. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 2013, 112, 548–553.

Johnson, R. Food fraud and “Economically motivated adulteration” of food and food ingredients. In Food Fraud and Adulterated Ingredients: Background, Issues, and Federal Action; 2014 ISBN 9781631177316.

Rohman, A.; Che Man, Y.B. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for analysis of extra virgin olive oil adulterated with palm oil. Food Res. Int. 2010, 43, 886–892.

Rohman, A.; Che Man, Y.B. Potential Use of FTIR-ATR Spectroscopic Method for Determination of Virgin Coconut Oil and Extra Virgin Olive Oil in Ternary Mixture Systems. Food Anal. Methods 2011, 4, 155–162.

Downey, G.; McIntyre, P.; Davies, A.N. Detecting and quantifying sunflower oil adulteration in extra virgin olive oils from the Eastern Mediterranean by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 5520–5525.

Ozen, B.F.; Mauer, L.J. Detection of hazelnut oil adulteration using FT-IR spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 3898–3901.

Özdemir, D.; Öztürk, B. Near infrared spectroscopic determination of olive oil adulteration with sunflower and corn oil. J. Food Drug Anal. 2007, 15, 40–47.

Rohman, A.; Che Man, Y.B. Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Authentication of Functional Food Oils. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2012, 47, 1–13.

Miller, J.M.; Miller, J.C. Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry; 2010; ISBN 9780273730422.

Brereton, R.G. Applied Chemometrics for Scientists; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, 2007; ISBN 0470016868.

Meirawan, D.; Ana, A.; Saripudin, S. Priority of VHS Development Based in Potential Area using Principal Component Analysis. In Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 2018; p. 012027.

Neagu, C.; Barbu, V. Principal component analysis of the factors involved in the extraction of beetroot betalains. Agroaliment. Process Technol. 2014, 20, 311–318.

David, W.; Ramadhan, K.; Supandri, E.; Kasim, A. Research Article Principle component analysis (PCA) of selected liquid smoke by product. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2014, 6, 239–242.

R Core Team R Development Core Team. R A Lang. Environ. Stat. Comput. 2015, 55, 275–286.

Eglen, S.J. A quick guide to teaching R programming to computational biology students. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2009, 5, 8–11.

Kassambara, A.; Mundt, F. Package “factoextra” for R: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses. R Packag. version 2017, 1–77.

Lê, S.; Josse, J.; Husson, F. FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 2008, 25, 1–18.

Irnawati; Riyanto, S.; Martono, Su.; Rohman, A. The employment of FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for authentication of essential oil of curcuma mangga from candle nut oil. Food Res. 2020, 4, 42–48.

Brereton, R.G. Chemometrics for Pattern Recognition; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: West Sussex, 2009; ISBN 9780470987254.

Komsta, Ł.; Heyden, Y. Vander; Sherma, J. Chemometrics in Chromatography; 2018;

Brereton, R.G. Chemometrics: Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant; John Wiley & Sons Ltd: West Sussex, 2003; ISBN 9780470863244.

Published
2021-02-14
How to Cite
Irnawati, I., Riswanto, F. D. O., Riyanto, S., Martono, S., & Rohman, A. (2021). The use of software packages of R factoextra and FactoMineR and their application in principal component analysis for authentication of oils. Indonesian Journal of Chemometrics and Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcpa.482
Section
Tutorial Article