Author Guidelines

ASIAN LEGAL REFORM JOURNAL WRITING THERMS

In the era of a fast pace technological advancement, artificial intelligence (AI) is in the lead, reshaping countless aspects of life. The 2023 report from the World Economic Forum highlights that over 77% of companies globally are now integrating AI-driven technology into their decision-making processes. This trend is transforming production and distribution methods while also presenting normative challenges in the governance of democratic and rule-of-law societies. AI has evolved beyond a mere tool; it has become an active participant that significantly impacts human rights, responsibilities, and legal relationships.

As AI systems become increasingly integrated into decision-making processes, it presents challenges, the accountability of AI algorithmic biases and the alignment of societal value, moral, and rule of law emerge as a significant issue through the modern legal frameworks. AI algorithmic bias occurs from the variety of data used to train the AI model.  If the training data for the AI model contain biases, it could lead to a biased outcome. Additionally, bias can emerge even from unbiased data due to the algorithms' tendency to prioritize certain information. Such biased insights and outputs can result in the misalignment of societal values and morals that could lead to harmful decisions or actions. This also could perpetuate discrimination and inequality, and undermine trust in AI and the institutions that utilize it. 

In Indonesia, regulations concerning AI remain in their early stages, despite the growing urgency for their development. Therefore, the author is expected to deliver their best efforts in producing a written work that will enhance legal research and writing skills.

This year (2025), the theme of the Asian Legal Reform Journal is Artificial Intelligence and The Challenge of Modern Legal Frameworks: Establishing Certainty, Justice, and Accountability in the Age of Algorithms with sub-themes consisting of:

1. Intellectual Property Law
2. Private Law
3. Criminal Law
4. Business Law & Consumer Protection
5. Consumer Protection Law
6. Law & Human Rights

WRITING PROVISIONS

1. The article manuscript is written on A4 paper (210 mm x 297 mm) consisting of 3.000 up to 10.000 words and use Times New Roman font with 12 pt and 1.5 spacing with a normal margin;
2. Article titles must be brief and clear (article titles are recommended to contain 10-15 words); 
3. The author's name and e-mail address must be included in the article manuscript; 
4. Articles must contain an Abstract in 100-200 words and 3-5 keywords to provide a brief overview of the overall concept of the article;
5. The minimum reference consists of 5 (five) books and 10 (ten) journals;
6. Article writing must consist of:
1. Introduction, which consists of background and research problem (20%);
2. Analysis, this chapter contains legal analysis, theoretical studies, and concept development (60%);
3. Conclusions and/or Suggestions (10%); and
4. Supporting instruments such as footnotes are essential in an article for descriptive presentation to give derivative explanations that are not directly or indirectly related to the topic of the Article (10%). The use of footnotes in the Asian Legal Reform Journal shall refer to the Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition (full note) referencing system as shown in http://bit.ly/PanduanCatatanKaki
7. Further provisions regarding the Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition referencing system (full note), it is recommended to use a citation machine (Mendeley, Zotero, etc.); 
8. References that have been cited must be included in the Bibliography at the end of the article. The provisions for the order and writing of the Bibliography must also comply with the citation requirements of the Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition (full note) referencing system; 
9. The bibliography can be classified by reference type and ordered alphabetically; 
10. When referring to the Article in the regulation, the first letter of the word 'article' is written in capital letters (“Article”);
11. Rule abbreviations are given to the writing style of the author and depend on the jurisdiction in which the rule was issued. The writing style of each type of rule should be used consistently throughout the script. The recommended form for Indonesian legislation is “Law No. 11/2020” or “MA 55PK/Pid/1996”; and
12. Straightforward language, writing rules, and good and correct grammar are the main points of the article.

For more information about author guidelines, download HERE.
Download our template
Guideline to register and submit an article 

CITATION GUIDELINES

Except for primary legal materials (statutory regulations, judicial decisions, etc), authors must refer to the Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition (https://www.mvcc.edu/learning-commons/pdf/Chicago_Manual_of_Style_17_Notes_and_Bibliography.pdf). Authors are highly encouraged to use a citation manager software, such as: Mendeley, Zotero, and Endnote, in order to generate citations and bibliography.

As mentioned earlier in this guideline, primary legal material citation and bibliography will follow a different style, as shown in the examples below.

It must be noted that, for citation and bibliography purposes, names, titles, publishers, institution names must be retained in their original and official language. There is no need to translate English names/titles/institutions into Bahasa Indonesia or vice versa or from/into any language.

It must also be noted that the sequence of examples given below do not imply the order of which to classify the literature in the bibliography. Classification or categorization of literature is needed and should be ordered alphabetically.

1. Statutory Regulations
   Bibliography entries
   Nomenclature of statutory regulation with the number, year, and the official title of the regulation.
   Example:
   Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual
   Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 tentang Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu, Alih Daya, Waktu Kerja dan Waktu Istirahat, dan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja.
   In-text use
   When the author first mentions the regulation in the text, it must be in full similar to the bibliography entry above (it can be in a footnote or in the text). Next to it, in brackets, mention a ‘short name’ for it for future use throughout the text. The ‘short name’ is up to the author, but must be clear and reasonable.
   Example:
   First use: Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (UU 12/2022).
   Subsequent use: “… this contradicts UU 12/2022 in a number of places…
2. Indonesian Judicial Decision
   Bibliography entries
   Nomenclature of the court forum product, the number of the product, regard, the date it enters into force.
   Example:
   Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 55PK/Pid/1996 perihal Peninjauan Kembali perkara Dr. Muchtar Pakpahan, S.H., M.A., 25 Oktober 1996.
   Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012 perihal Pengujian Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, 9 Maret 2012.
   In-text use
   When the author first mentions the judicial decision in the text, it must be in full similar to the bibliography entry above (it can be in a footnote or in the text). Next to it, in brackets, mention a ‘short name’ for it for future use throughout the text. The ‘short name’ is up to the author, but must be clear and reasonable.
   Example:
   First use: Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012 perihal Pengujian Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, 9 Maret 2012. (MK 35/PUU-X/2012).
   Subsequent use: “… this explains further why MK 35/PUU-X/2012 was judged in such a way…”
3. Non-Indonesian Judicial Decisions
   Bibliography entries
   For non-Indonesian judicial decisions, authors shall use the most common or recommended citation style used in that jurisdiction. It must indicate at least (a) the name of institution issuing the judicial decision, (b) other identifying characteristic of the case (parties to the dispute, defendants’ name, case number, etc), (c) when relevant, page or paragraph numbers, and (d) other information customarily mentioned in citations in the jurisdiction of said decision.
   Example:
   Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 99.
   Adong Kuwau & Ors v. Kerajaan Negeri Johor & Anor [1997] 3 CLJ 885 HC
   Perry v. Schwarzenegger, 591 F.3d 1147, 1152 (9th Cir. 2010)
   R (Pinochet Ugarte) v Bow St Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate [2000] 1 AC 61
   In-text use
   When the author first mentions the judicial decision in the text, it must be in full similar to the bibliography entry above (it can be in a footnote or in the text). Next to it, in brackets, mention a ‘short name’ for it for future use throughout the text. The ‘short name’ is up to the author, but must be clear and reasonable.
   Example:
   First use: "Adong Kuwau & Ors v. Kerajaan Negeri Johor & Anor [1997] 3 CLJ 885 HC".
   Subsequent use: "... Adong Kuawi & Ors v. Kerajaan Negeri Johor & Anor..."
4. Books
   Footnote
   ‹author’s name›. ‹title›. (‹city location of the publisher›: ‹publisher›, ‹year›), ‹page number(s)›.
   Example:
   Ari Hernawan, Dasar-Dasar dan Perkembangan Hubungan Kerja di Indonesia Sebuah Telaah Kritis (Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2023), 10-15.
   Lalu Husni, Pengantar Hukum Ketenagakerjaan (Depok: Rajawali Press, 2019), 256-260.
   Bibliography entries
   ‹author’s last name, first name›. ‹title›. ‹city location of the publisher›: ‹publisher›, ‹year›.
   Example:
   Hernawan, Ari. Dasar-Dasar dan Perkembangan Hubungan Kerja di Indonesia Sebuah Telaah Kritis. Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2023.
   Husni, Lalu. Pengantar Hukum Ketenagakerjaan. Depok: Rajawali Press, 2019. 
5. Journal Articles
   Footnote
   ‹author’s name›. “‹title›”, ‹journal’s name› ‹volume›, ‹number› (‹month, year›): ‹page number(s)›. ‹doi or url address›.
   Example:
   Michael McCann, “Law and Social Movements: Contemporary Perspectives,” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2 (June 2006): 18-19, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.2.081805.105917.
   Nuning Indah Pratiwi, “Penggunaan Media Video Call dalam Teknologi Komunikasi”, Ilmiah Dinamika Sosial 1, no. 2 (Agustus 2017): 211, https://doi.org/10.38043/jids.v1i2.219.  
   Bibliography entries
   ‹author’s last name, first name›. “‹title›”, ‹journal’s name› ‹volume›, ‹number› (‹month, year›): ‹page range of article›. ‹doi or url address›.
   Example:
   McCann, M. “Law and Social Movements: Contemporary Perspectives.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2 (June 2006): 17-38. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.2.081805.105917.
   Pratiwi, Nuning Indah. “Penggunaan Media Video Call dalam Teknologi Komunikasi”. Ilmiah Dinamika Sosial 1, no. 2 (Agustus 2017): 202-224. https://doi.org/10.38043/jids.v1i2.219.
6. Thesis/dissertation
   Footnote
   ‹author’s name›. “‹title›” (‹(thesis/dissertation)›, ‹institution›, ‹year›), ‹page number(s)›.
   Example:
   Sudikno Mertokusumo, “Sejarah Peradilan dan Perundang-undangannya di Indonesia Sejak 1942 dan Apa Kemanfaatannya bagi Indonesia” (Doctoral Diss., Universitas Gadjah Mada, 1971), 50.
   Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.
   Bibliography entries
   ‹author’s last name, first name›. “‹title›”, ‹(thesis/dissertation)›, ‹institution›, ‹year›.
   Example:
   Mertokusumo, Sudikno. “Sejarah Peradilan dan Perundang-undangannya di Indonesia Sejak 1942 dan Apa Kemanfaatannya bagi Indonesia”, Doctoral Diss., Universitas Gadjah Mada, 1971.
   Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues”, PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.
7. Article in Anthology with Editor
   Footnote
   ‹author’s name›. “‹article’s title›” in ‹book’s title›, ed. ‹editor’s name›. (‹place of publication›: ‹publisher›, ‹year›), ‹page number(s)›.
   Example:
   Plato, “The Apology of Socrates,” in The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, ed. Mack Maynard (New York: Norton, 1985), 817.
   Bibliography entries
   ‹author’s last name, first name›.“‹article’s title›” in ‹book’s title›, edited by ‹editor’s name›, ‹page range of article›, ‹place of publication›: ‹publisher›, ‹year›.
   Example:
   Plato. “The Apology of Socrates.” in The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, edited by Mack Maynard, 816-838. New York: Norton, 1985.
8. Article of a Magazine or Newspaper
   Footnote
   ‹author’s name›. “‹article’s title›”, ‹name of the magazine/newspaper›, ‹the published date›, ‹URL address›, ‹page number(s)›.
   Example:
   Maria SW Sumardjono, “Kehadiran Negara dalam Konflik Rempang”, Kompas, 18 September 2023, https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2023/09/17/tes-108?open_from=Tagar_Page, 6.
   Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker, April 17, 2017, 43.
   Bivitri Susanti, “Gelanggang Keadilan Mahkamah Konstitusi,” Tempo, 5 Mei 2024, 36-37.
   Bibliography entries
   ‹author’s last name, first name›. “‹article’s title›”, ‹name of the magazine/newspaper›, ‹the published date›, ‹ URL address›.
   Example:
   Sumardjono, Maria SW. “Kehadiran Negara dalam Konflik Rempang.” Kompas, 18 September 2023, https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2023/09/17/tes-108?open_from=Tagar_Page.
   Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker, April 17, 2017.
   Susanti, Bivitri. “Gelanggang Keadilan Mahkamah Konstitusi.” Tempo, 5 Mei 2024.
9. Internet
   Footnote
   ‹author’s name/website owner›. “‹article’s title›”, ‹url address› (accessed ‹date of access›).
   Example:
   Aya Gruber, “The Misogyny of The Anti-Protest”, Aljazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/17/the-misogyny-of-the-anti-protest (accessed May 17. 2024).
   Nabiyla Risfa Izzati, “Dua Tahun UU Cipta Kerja: PHK Kian Mudah, Kenaikkan Upah Jadi Paling Rendah”, The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/dua-tahun-uu-cipta-kerja-phk-kian-mudah-kenaikan-upah-jadi-paling-rendah-193090 (diakses pada 19 Mei 2024).
   Bibliography entries
   ‹author’s last name, first name/website owner›, “‹article’s title›”. ‹url address› (accessed ‹date of access›).
   Example:
   Izzati, Nabiyla Risfa. “Dua Tahun UU Cipta Kerja: PHK Kian Mudah, Kenaikkan Upah Jadi Paling Rendah.” The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/dua-tahun-uu-cipta-kerja-phk-kian-mudah-kenaikan-upah-jadi-paling-rendah-193090 (diakses pada 19 Mei 2024).
   Gruber, Aya. “The Misogyny of The Anti-Protest”. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/17/the-misogyny-of-the-anti-protest (accessed May 17. 2024).