THE GUISE OF U.S. NATIONAL REFERRAL AUTHORITY TO “OTHERING” REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS: A TWAIL APPROACH

https://doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v7i2.62747

Alifa Salsabila(1*)

(1) 
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


President Trump’s issuance of Executive Order 13769 titled “Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States” restricts and even bans access to refugees and asylum seekers from seeking international protection in and from the United States. It is done by creating narratives that refugees and asylum seekers are capable of committing “potential threats” under the umbrella of terrorism. This study aims to dismantle the paradoxes the Executive Order conveys. It focuses on the international refugee regime under the ambit of international law and a broader context of immigration debates—socially, economically, and culturally. This study uses theThird World Approach to International Law (TWAIL),making it possible for academic legal discussionto correspond in cultural context. The findings show that Trump’s Executive Order 13769 functions as the tool for the United States to “othering” refugees and asylum seekers as foreign terrorists in order to wage its national interests while ruling out humanity and the regime.

Full Text:

PDF


References

Amnesty International. (2019, January 24). What's the Difference between a Refugee and an Asylum Seeker? Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org.au/refugee-and-an-asylum-seeker-difference/

Anderson, S. (2020, August 20). A Review of Trump Immigration Policy. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2020/08/26/fact-check-and-review-of-trump-immigration-policy/#52c95d7b56c0

Anghie, A. (2004). Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Dolmage, J. T. (2018). Disabled Upon Arrival: Eugenics, Immigration, and the Construction of Race and Disability. The Ohio State UP.

FBI. (n.d.). What We Investigate. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=9ba7012176404742a1eb82c78435de632dd91a82-1606732032-0-AYZ41Wfkn_A7aLeXpnKMmKfJqnMVuZwzJjAW8QUx3Rpx2iuBnGLmBLFqfiBIj7iJcE5JASsnobPdGzJNTGa39c_mFt4yihIgwKM0N9jxuUvNhCQTZ7SChlrMcxU1lx2FaDrtj9uwYTM

Gilsinan, K. (2018, December 11). Trump Keeps Invoking Terrorism to Get His Border Wall. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/12/trump-incorrectly-links-immigration-terrorism/576358/

Glennon, B. (2020, July 2020). Why the Trump Administration's Anti-Immigration Policies are the United States' loss and the Rest of the World's Gain. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/07/20/why-the-trump-administrations-anti-immigration-policies-are-the-united-states-loss-and-the-rest-of-the-worlds-gain/

Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society, Between Sovereigns. New York: Cambridge University Press.

History. (2019, May 14). U.S. Immigration Timeline. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/immigration-united-states-timeline

Ibe, P. (2020, November 2). How Trump is Making It Harder for Asylum Seekers. Retrieved from https://www.afsc.org/blogs/news-and-commentary/how-trump-making-it-harder-asylum-seekers

Janmyr, M. (2013). Protecting Civilians in Refugee Camps: Unable and Unwilling States, UNHCR and International Responsibility. Leiden; Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Klug, F. (2000). Values for a Godless Age: The History of the Human Rights Act and its Political. Penguin.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). Religion and the Founding of the American Republic. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html

Library of Congress. (n.d.). U.S. History Primary Source Timeline. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/colonial-settlement-1600-1763/overview/

Mutua, M. (2001). “Savages, Victims, and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights.” Harvard International Law Journal, XLII(1), 201-245.

National Security & Defense. (2017, March 6). Executive Order Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-protecting-nation-foreign-terrorist-entry-united-states-2/

Ngai, M. M. (2007, July). “Nationalism, Immigration Control, and the Ethnoracial Remapping of America in the 1920s.” OAH Magazine of History, 11-15.

ODIHR. (n.d.). Guidelines for Addressing the Threats and Challenges of “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” within a Human Rights Framework. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/7/393503_2.pdf

Pittaway, E., Bartolomei, L. A., Pittaway, E. E., & Doney, G. (2018, June 26). “Freedom from Persecution or Continued Abuse? An Analysis of the Meaning of Rights in Refugee Communities.” Journal of Human Rights Practice, 10, 248-267.

Singh, A. S. (2019). “Third World Approach to International Law.” International Journal of Law, 01-06.

The Washington Post. (2001, September 20). Text: President Bush Addresses the Nation. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushaddress_092001.html

Ueda, R. (2006). A Companion to American Immigration. (R. Ueda, Ed.) Malden; Oxford; Carlton: Blackwell Publishing.

UNHCR. (n.d.). Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html

UNHCR. (n.d.). What is a Refugee? Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/what-is-a-refugee.html

United Nations. (n.d.). Foreign terrorist fighters. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/focus-areas/foreign-terrorist-fighters/

United Nations. (n.d.). Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs. Retrieved from https://legal.un.org/repertory/art51.shtml

UNODC. (n.d.). Foreign Terrorist Fighters, Manual for Judicial Training Institutes, South-Eastern Europe. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/terrorism/Publications/FTF%20manual/000_Final_Manual_English_Printed_Version_-_no_foreword.pdf

USA for UNHCR. (n.d.). What is a Refugee? Retrieved from https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/

Williams, J. (2020, April 11). Trump Administration Using Pandemic to Deport 30,000 Refugees and Asylum Seekers to Mexico. Retrieved from https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/04/11/immi-a11.html

Xu, P., Garand, J. C., & Zhu, L. (2016, June). “Imported Inequality? Immigration and Income Inequality in the American States.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 147-171.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v7i2.62747

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 1575 | views : 1480

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Indexed by:

   Crossref Google Scholar JournalStories Main logo  OAI logo  

View My Stats

ISSN & E-ISSN