FIGHTING FOR WOMEN EXISTENCE IN POPULAR ESPIONAGE MOVIES SALT (2010) AND ZERO DARK THIRTY (2012)

https://doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v3i1.47824

Benita Amalina(1*)

(1) 
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


American spy movies have been considered one of the most profitable genre in Hollywood. These spy movies frequently create an assumption that this genre is exclusively masculine, as women have been made oblivious and restricted to either supporting roles or non-spy roles. In 2010 and 2012, portrayal of women in spy movies was finally changed after the release of Salt and Zero Dark Thirty, in which women became the leading spy protagonists. Through the post-nationalist American Studies perspective, this study discusses the importance of both movies in reinventing women’s identity representation in a masculine genre in response to the evolving American society.

 

Keywords: American women, hegemony, representation, Hollywood, movies, popular culture

Full Text:

PDF


References

Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. (1990). Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances. Hemel Hemstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Alvarez, J. E. (2008). Telling Different Stories: Subjectivity and Feminist Identity Politics. Gender Theory, Subjectivity and Security. San Francisco: International Studies Association.

Beauvoir, S.d. (1949). The Second Sex. New York: Vintage Books.

Berscheid. E. & Walster, E. (1974). Physical Attractiveness. In L.B. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology VII (pp. 157-215). New York: Praeger.

Cohn, C. (1987). Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals. Signs, 687-718.

Corbett, S. (2005, February 7). True Spies. Publishers Weekly, pp. 22-23.

Cornell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society, 19, 829-859.

Cullen, M. (1980). Women, History and Identity. The Maynooth Review, 6(1), 65-79.

Dobbins, A. (2013, July 11). Do They Ever Make Movies About Women?: A Mathematical Analysis From 1989-2013. Retrieved February 2, 2015, from http://www.vulture.com/2013/07/they-ever-make-movies-about-women.html

Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (2003). Language and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Finkelstein, J. (2007). The Art of Self-Invention: Image and Identity in Popular Visual Culture. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.

Fischoff, S., Antonio, J., & Lewis, D. (1998). Favorite Films and Film Genres As A Function of Race, Age, and Gender. Journal of Media Psychology, 3(1). Retrieved from http://web.calstatela.edu/faculty/sfischo/media3.html

Forbes, M. E. (1997). Questioning Feminine Connection. Hypatia, 12(2), 140-151.

Gamman, L., & Marshment, M. (1989). The Female Gaze: Women as Viewers of Popular Culture. Seattle: Real Comet Press.

Harwood, J. (1997). Viewing Age: Lifespan Identity and Television Viewing Choices. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41(2), 203-213.

Hinds, H. E., Motz, M. F., & Nelson, A. M. (2006). Popular Culture Theory and Methodology: A Basic Introduction. Popular Press.

Irigaray, L. (1998). This Sex Which is Not the One. In R. Baker, K. Winninger, & F. Elliston, Philosophy and Sex (pp. 549-555). New York: Prometheus Books.

Kay, J. (2013, March 22). Global Box Office Hit USS 34,7 Billion in 2012. Retrieved from Screen Daily: http://www.screendaily.com/news/distribution/global-box-office-hit-347bn-in-2012/5053217.article

Mencimer, S. (2001, September). Violent Femmes. Washington Monthly, pp. 15-18.

Mulvey, L. (1985). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. In G. Mast, & M. Cohen, Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings (pp. 833-844). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nachbar, J., & Lause, K. (1992). Popular Culture: An Introductory Text. Ohio: Bolwing Green State University Press.

Rowe, J.C. (2000). Post-nationalism, Globalism, and the New American Studies. In J. C. Rowe, Post-nationalist American Studies (pp. 23-39). Berkeley: University of California Press Ltd.

Sanchez-Eppler, K. (1993). Touching Liberty: Abolition, Feminism, and the Politics of the Body. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Schippers, M. (2007). Recovering the Feminine Other: Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Hegemony. Theory and Society, 36(1), 85-102.

Shoos, D. (1992). The Female Subject of Popular Culture. Hypatia, 7(2), 215-226.

Slade, M. (1987, July 27). The Allure of Longer Hair. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/27/style/relationships-the-allure-of-longer-hair.html

Tung, C. (2004). Gender, Race, Sexuality in "La Femme Nikita". In S. A. Innes, Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture (pp. 95-121). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Wilkinson, R. (1984). American Tough: The Tough-Guy Tradition and American Character. Westport: Greenwood Press.

Wolf, N. (1991). The Beauty Myth. New York: Morrow.

Zurko, N. (2013, November 25). Gender Inequality in Film: New York Film Academy. Retrieved September 16, 2014, from https ://www.nyfa.edu/film-school-blog/gender-inequality-in-film/



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v3i1.47824

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 1426 | views : 1652

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019 Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Indexed by:

   Crossref Google Scholar JournalStories Main logo  OAI logo  

View My Stats

ISSN & E-ISSN