The Soft Power of a Small State: Discursive Constructions and Institutional Practices of Norway's Peace Engagement
Kristian Stokke(1*)
(1) University of Oslo
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Anderson, M. B. (1999) Do not Harm. How Aid can Support Peace – or War, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Balasingham, A. (2004) War and Peace. Armed Struggle and Peace Efforts of Liberation Tigers, Mitcham, UK: Fairmax.
Bastian, S. (2005) The Economic Agenda and the Peace Process, Colombo: Asia Foundation Sri Lanka Strategic Conflict Assessment.
Bastian, S. (2007) The Politics of Foreign Aid in Sri Lanka. Promoting Markets and Supporting Peace, Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Centre for Ethnic Studies.
Burchill, S., A. Linklater, R. Devetak, J. Donnelly, T. Nardin, M. Paterson, C. Reus-Smit and J. True (2009) Theories of International Relations (4th eds.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Burke, A. and Mulakala, A. (2005) Donors and Peacebuilding, Colombo: The Asia Foundation.
Boyce, J. K. (2002) Investing in Peace: Aid and Conditionality after Civil Wars, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Centre for Just Peace and Democracy (2008) International Dimensions of the Conflict in Sri Lanka, Emmenbrucke, Switzerland: Centre for Just Peace and Democracy.
Coomeraswamy, R. (2003) ‘The Politics of Institutional Design. An Overview of the Case of Sri Lanka’, In Sunil Bastian and Robin Luckham (eds.), Can Democracy be Designed? The Politics of Institutional Choice in Conflict-torn Societies, London: Zed Books.
De Votta, N. (2004) Blowback. Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Duffield, M. (2001) Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security, London: Zed.
Egeland, J. (1988) Impotent Superpower - Potent Small State. Potentials and Limitations of Human Rights Objectives in the Foreign Policies of the United States and Norway, Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
Ferdinands, T., Rupesinghe, K. Saravanamuttu, P. Uyangoda, J. and Ropers, N. (2004) The Sri Lankan Peace Process at Crossroads. Lessons, Opportunities and Ideas for Principled Negotiations and Conflict Transformation, Colombo: Centre for Policy Alternatives, Foundation for Co-Existence, Initiative for Political and Conflict Transformation, Social Scientists’ Association, Berghof Foundation for Conflict Studies Sri Lanka Office.
Foucault, M. (1988) Madness and Civilization. A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, New York: Vintage.
Foucault, M. (1995) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, New York: Vintage.
Frydenlund, K. (1982) Lille land - hva nå? Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
Goodhand, J. (2006) Aiding Peace? The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict. Bourton on Dunsmore, UK: ITDG Publishing.
Goodhand, J. and Klem, B. (2005) Aid, Conflict and Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka, Colombo: The Asia Foundation.
Gooneratne, J. (2007) Negotiating with the Tigers (LTTE), Pannipitiya, Sri Lanka: Stamford Lake.
Græger, N. and Leira, H. (2005) ‘Norwegian Strategic Culture after World War II: From a Local to a Global Perspective’, Cooperation and Conflict 40(1): 45-67.
Hellmann-Rajanayagam, D. (1994) The Tamil Tigers: Armed Struggle for Identity, Stuttgart: Franz Steinert Verlag.
Höglund, K. and Svensson, I. (2011) ‘Fallacies of the Peace Ownership Approach: Exploring Norwegian Mediation in Sri Lanka’, In K. Stokke and J. Uyangoda (eds.), Liberal Peace in Question. Politics of State and Market Reforms in Sri Lanka. London: Anthem.
Forthcoming. Jarstad, A. K. and Sisk, T. D. (eds.) (2008) From War to Democracy. Dilemmas of Peacebuilding, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaldor, M. (1999) New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Kaplan, R. (2009) ‘Center Stage for the 21st Century. Power Plays in the Indian Ocean’, Foreign Affairs 88, 2. Kelegama, S. (2006) Development under Stress. Sri Lankan Economy in Transition, New Delhi: Sage.
Keohane, R. (1984) After Hegemony. Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Knutsen, T. L., Sørbø, G. M. and Gjerdåker, S. (1995) Norges utenrikspolitikk, Oslo: Cappelen.
Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (2001) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, London: Verso.
Lange, E., Pharo, H. and Østerud, Ø. (2009) Vendepunkter i norsk utenrikspolitikk: Nye internasjonale vilkår etter den kalde krigen, Oslo: Unipub.
Leira, H. (2002) Internasjonal idealisme og Norge. Utenrikspolitisk tenkning fra Justus Lipsius til Halvdan Koht, Department of Political Science: University of Oslo.
Leira, H. (2005) Folket og freden. Utviklingstrekki norsk fredsdiskurs 1890-2005, Internasional Politikk 63(2-3): 135-160.
Leira, H. (ed.) (2007) Norske selvbilder og norsk utenrikspolitikk, Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
Liland, F. and Kjerland, K. A. (2003) Norsk utviklingshjelps historie (bind 3). 1989-2002: På bred front, Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Liyanage, S. (2008) ‘One Step at a Time’. Reflections on the Peace Process in Sri Lanka, Colombo: South Asia Peace Institute.
Lunde, L., Thune, H., Fleischer, E. Grünfeld, L. and Sending, O. J. (2008) Norske interesser: Utenrikspolitikk for en globalisert verden, Oslo: Cappelen Damm.
Lunstead, J. (2007) The United States’ Role in Sri Lanka’s Peace Process 2002-2006, Colombo: The Asia Foundation.
Manogaran, C. and Pfaffenberger, B. (eds.) (1994) The Sri Lankan Tamils, Ethnicity and identity, Boulder, CO: Westview.
Matlary, J. H. (2002) Verdidiplomati - kilde til makt? En strategisk analyse av norsk utenrikspolitikk, Oslo: Makt- og demokratiutredningen.
Matlary, J. H. (2006) Values and Weapons. From Humanitarian Intervention to Regime Change, Basingstoke: MacmillanPalgrave.
Matlary, J. H. and Østerud, Ø. (eds.) (2005) Mot et avnasjonalisert forsvar, Oslo: Abstrakt.
McGilvray, D. B. and Gamburd, M. R. (eds.) (2010) Tsunami Recovery in Sri Lanka: Ethnic and Regional Dimensions, London: Routledge.
Ministry of Development Cooperation (1987) Report no. 34 to the Storting (1986-87): Om hovedspørsmål i norsk utviklingshjelp, Oslo: Ministry of Development Cooperation.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1989) Report no. 11 to the Storting (1989-90): Om utviklingstrekk i det internasjonale samfunn og virkninger for norsk utenrikspolitikk, Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1992) Report no. 51 to the Storting (1991-92): Om utviklingstrekki Nord-Sør forholdet og Norges samarbeid med utviklingslandene, Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1995) Report no 19 to the Storting (1995- 1996): En verdeni endring. Hovedtrekki norsk politikk overfor utviklingslandene, Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2004) Report no 35 to the Storting (2003-2004): Felles kamp mot fattigdom. En helhetlig utviklingspolitikk, Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2009) Report no 15 to the Storting (2008- 2009): Interesser, ansvar og muligheter. Hovedlinjer i norsk utenrikspolitikk, Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Muni, S. D. (1993) Pangs of proximity: India and Sri Lanka´s ethnic crisis, Oslo: International Peace Research Institute.
Nadarajah, S. and Vimalarajah, L. (2008) The Politics of Transformation: The LTTE and the 2002-2006 Peace Process in Sri Lanka, Berlin: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management.
Nadarajah, S., and Sriskandarajah, D. (2005) Liberation Struggle or Terrorism? The Politics of Naming the LTTE, Third World Quarterly 26 (1): 87-100.
Neumann, I. B. (2002) Norges handlingsrom og behovet for en overgripende sikkerhetspolitisk strategi, Oslo: Den norske atlanterhavskomité.
Neumann, I. B. (ed.) (2008) Norge og alliansene. Gamle tradisjoner, nytt spillerom, Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
Nye, J. S. (2004) Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs.
Orjuela, C. (2011) ‘Buying Peace? Politics of Reconstruction and the Peace Dividend Argument’, In K. Stokke and J. Uyangoda (eds.), Liberal Peace in Question. Politics of State and Market Reforms in Sri Lanka, London: Anthem. Forthcoming.
Paris, R. (2004) At war’s end. Building peace after civil conflict, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Peiris, P. and Stokke, K. (2011) ‘Liberal Peace and Public Opinion’, In K. Stokke and J. Uyangoda (eds.), Liberal Peace in Question. Politics of State and Market Reforms in Sri Lanka. London: Anthem. Forthcoming.
Philipson, L. and Thangarajah, Y. (2005) The Politics of the NorthEast, Colombo: The Asia Foundation.
Rainford, C. and Satkunanathan, A. (2011) ‘From SIHRN to PostWar North and East: The Limits of the Peace through Development Paradigm in Sri Lanka’, In K. Stokke and J. Uyangoda (eds.), Liberal Peace in Question. Politics of State and Market Reforms in Sri Lanka, London: Anthem. Forthcoming.
Rampton, D. and Welikala, A. (2005) The Politics of the South, Colombo: The Asia Foundation. Richmond, Oliver P. 2007 The Transformation of Peace, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Riste, O. (2001) Norway’s Foreign Relations - A History, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Rottem, S. V. (2007) The Ambivalent Ally – Norway in the New Nato, Contemporary Security Policy 28(3): 619-638.
Rottem, S. V., G. Hønneland, et al. (2008) Småstat og energistormakt. Norges sikkerhetspolitiske rolle i nord, Bergen, Norway: Fagbokforlaget.
Rupesinghe, K. (ed.) (2006) Negotiating Peace in Sri Lanka. Efforts, Failures and Lessons (Volume I and II), Colombo: The Foundation for Co-Existence
Said, E. W. (2001) The End of the Peace Process. Oslo and After, New York: Vintage.
Shanmugaratnam, N. and Stokke, K. (2008) ‘Development as a Precursor to Conflict Resolution. A Critical Review of the Fifth Peace Process in Sri Lanka’, In N. Shanmugaratnam (ed.), Between War and Peace in Sudan and Sri Lanka. Deprivation and Livelihood Revival. Oxford, UK: James Currey. S
harma, S. D. (2009) China and India in the Age of Globalization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skånland, Ø. H. (2008) “Norway is a Peace Nation.” Discursive Preconditions for the Norwegian Peace Engagement Policy. Peace and Conflict Studies, Faculty of Social Science, University of Oslo.
Sriskandarajah, D. (2003) ‘The Returns of Peace in Sri Lanka. The Development Cart before the Conflict Resolution Horse?’, Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, 2.
Stokke, K. (2006) Building the Tamil Eelam State. Emerging State Institutions and Forms of Governance in LTTE-controlled Areas in Sri Lanka, Third World Quarterly 27(6): 1021-1040.
Stokke, K. (2007) ‘War by Other Means: The LTTE’s strategy of institutionalising power sharing in the context of transition from war to peace’, Third World Quarterly 28(6): 1197-1201.
Stokke, K. (2011) ‘Liberal Peace in Question: The Sri Lankan Case’, In K. Stokke and J. Uyangoda (eds.), Liberal Peace in Question. Politics of State and Market Reforms in Sri Lanka, London: Anthem. Forthcoming.
Stokke, K. and Uyangoda, J. (eds.) (2011) Liberal Peace in Question. Politics of State and Market Reforms in Sri Lanka, London: Anthem. Forthcoming. Støre, J. G. (2008) Å gjøre en forskjell, Oslo: Cappelen Damm.
Sæther, E. (2008) The Conditional Autonomy of the Critical Press in China, University of Oslo, Department of Sociology and Human Geography.
Swamy, M. R. N. (1994) Tigers of Lanka. From boys to guerrillas, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Vijitha Yapa. Tvedt, T. (2009) Utviklingshjelp, utenrikspolitikk og makt: den norske modellen (2nd ed.), Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.
Uyangoda, J. (2005) Conflict, Conflict Resolution and Peace Building, Colombo: University of Colombo, Department of Political Science and Public Policy.
Uyangoda, J. (2011) ‘Travails of State Reform in the Context of Protracted Civil War in Sri Lanka’, In K. Stokke and J. Uyangoda (eds.), Liberal Peace in Question. Politics of State and Market Reforms in Sri Lanka. London: Anthem. Forthcoming
Uyangoda, J. and Perera, M. (eds.) (2003) Sri Lanka’s Peace Process 2002. Critical Perspectives, Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association.
Uyangoda, J. and Gomez, M. (2007) State Reform in Sri Lanka: A Dialogue Series, Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association.
Waltz, K. N. (1979) Theory of International Politics, New York: McGraw-Hill. Wendt, A. (1999) Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, A. J. (2000) Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism. Its origins and development in the 19th and 20th Centuries, New Delhi, India: Penguin.
Waage, H. H. (2004) “Peacemaking is a Risky Business”: Norway’s Role in the Peace Process in the Middle East, 1993-96. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute.
Zahran, G. and Ramos, L. (2010) ‘From hegemony to soft power: implications of a conceptual change’, In I. Parmar and M. Cox (eds.), Soft Power and US Foreign Policy.
Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. London: Routledge.
Østerud, Ø. (2005) Introduction: The Peculiarities of Norway, West European Politics 28(4): 705-720.
Østerud, Ø. (2006) Lite land som humanitær stormakt, Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift 23(4): 303–316.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.25724
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 3062 | views : 2598Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Power, Conflict and Democracy Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Gadjah Mada University Jl. Sosio-Yustisia Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281
Telp (0274) 563362 Ext. 150; +62 811 2515 863 - email: pcd@ugm.ac.id