* Corresponding Author
The Role of Turnera subulata and Cosmos sulphureus Flowers in the Life of Anagrus nilaparvatae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)
https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.24806 Wiwik Sugiharti(1*), Y. Andi Trisyono(2), Edhi Martono(3), Witjaksono Witjaksono(4)
(1) Directorate of Food Crop Protection, Ministry of Agriculture Jln. AUP Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta 12520
(2) Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jln. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281
(3) Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jln. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281
(4) Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jln. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Anagrus nilaparvatae is a potential egg parasitoid to control the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) The parasitoid needs to consume suitable food to maximize its biotic potential and parasitizing ability. This study was aimed to determine the benefits provided by the presence of Turnera subulata and Cosmos sulphureus flowers on the life of A. nilaparvatae. This study consisted of two experiments. The first experiment was designed to determine the effects of the tested flowers on the parasitism and hatching rate of A. nilaparvatae on N. lugens eggs. The flowers were set inside the rearing cage of parasitoid in the presence of N. lugens eggs in Ciherang rice seedlings. In addition, honey and the control (no feed added) were included into the treatments, totalling of four treatments. The parasitism rate of A. nilaparvatae fed with the flowers or honey was similar to those unfed. However, the hatching rate of A. nilaparvatae was much higher on those fed with flower or honey than those unfed. The number of A. nilaparvatae unable to eclose from eggs of N. lugens for the unfed parasitoid was 37.4% in comparison with 8.19 to 15.67% for those fed with flower or honey. The second experiment was a follow-up to address the question on the fitness of progeny of A. nilaparvatae fed with the tested flowers. The flowers and honey did not increase the longevity of A. nilaparvatae progeny. However, A. nilaparvatae fed with flowers or honey produced progeny that resulted in higher number of offspring compared to those unfed. C. sulphureus flower significantly increased the number of offspring produced by A. nilaparvatae. This suggest that the diet of the parental parasitoid determines the fitness of the progeny. Improving the hatching rate and the fecundity of progeny produced by the adults of A. nilaparvatae fed with the flower of T. subulata and C. sulphureus would contribute to the increasing population of this parasitoid which could lead to a better control of N. lugens in the rice field.
Intisari
Anagrus nilaparvatae merupakan parasitoid telur yang potensial untuk mengendalikan serangan wereng batang cokelat (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.). Parasitoid perlu mendapatkan sumber pakan yang sesuai untuk memaksimalkan potensi biologis dan kemampuan memarasit inang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji manfaat pemberian bunga Turnera subulata dan Cosmos sulphureus pada kehidupan A. nilaparvatae. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua percobaan. Percobaan pertama dirancang untuk mengetahui pengaruh bunga yang diuji terhadap tingkat parasitasi dan penetasan telur A. nilaparvatae pada telur N. lugens. Bunga diletakkan di dalam tabung rearing parasitoid yang di dalamnya terdapat bibit padi varietas Ciherang yang mengandung telur N. lugens. Selain itu, terdapat pula perlakuan madu dan kontrol (tanpa bunga dan tanpa madu), dengan total empat perlakuan. A. nilaparvate yang diberi pakan bunga atau madu memiliki tingkat parasitasi yang sama dengan yang tidak diberi pakan. Namun, tingkat penetasan telur A. nilaparvatae yang diberi pakan bunga atau madu jauh lebih tinggi daripada yang tidak diberi pakan. Jumlah A. nilaparvatae yang tidak menetas dari telur N. lugens pada parasitoid yang tidak diberi pakan adalah 37,4% dibandingkan dengan parasitoid yang diberi pakan bunga atau madu yang berkisar 8,19 - 15,67%. Percobaan kedua adalah tindak lanjut untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang kebugaran keturunan A. nilaparvatae yang diberi pakan dengan bunga yang diuji. Bunga dan madu tidak meningkatkan lama hidup keturunan A. nilaparvatae. Namun, A. nilaparvatae yang diberi pakan dengan bunga atau madu menghasilkan keturunan yang memiliki fekunditas lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan keturunan dari A. nilaparvatae yang tidak diberi pakan. Bunga C. sulphureus secara signifikan mampu meningkatkan jumlah keturunan yang dihasilkan oleh A. nilaparvatae. Ini menunjukkan bahwa jenis pakan induk parasitoid menentukan kebugaran keturunannya. Peningkatan penetasan dan fekunditas dari keturunan yang dihasilkan oleh induk A. nilaparvatae yang diberi pakan bunga T. subulata dan C. sulphureus akan berkontribusi pada peningkatan populasi parasitoid sehingga dapat mengendalikan serangan N. lugens di pertanaman padi dengan lebih baik.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDF (English)References
Abd El-Kareim, A.I., M.E. El-Nagar, & A.E. Marouf. 2011. Attractiveness and Effects of Insectary Plant Flowers on Certain Aphidophagous Insects as Bio-Agents. Journal Plant Protection and Pathology 2: 609−622.
Altieri, M.A. 1999. The Ecological Role of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 19–31.
Atmadja, W.R., & A. Kartohardjono. 1990. Parasitasi Anagrus sp. dan Gonatocerus sp. terhadap Beberapa Jenis Serangga Inang pada Pertanaman Padi [Parasitation of Anagrus sp. and Gonatoceros sp. Against Several Insects on the Rice]. Seminar of Food Crop Research. Bogor, February 21−22, 1990. p. 12.
Baggen, L.R. & G.M. Gurr. 1998. The Influence of Food on Copidosoma Koehleri and the Use of Flowering Plants as a Habitat Management Tool to Enhance Biological Control of Potato Moth Phthorimaea operculella. Biological Control 11: 9–17.
Berndt, L.A. & S.D. Wratten. 2005. Effects of Alyssum Flowers on the Longevity, Fecundity, and Sex Ratio of the Leafroller Parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica. Biological Control 32: 65–69.
Catindig, J.L.A., G.S. Arida, S.E. Baehaki, J.S. Bentur, L.Q. Cuong, M. Norowi, W. Rattanakam, W. Sriratanasak, J. Xia, & Z. Lu. 2009. Situation of Planthopper in Asia, p. 191−220. In K.L. Heong & B. Hardy (eds.), Planthopper: New Threats to the Sustainability of Intensive Rice Production Systems in Asia. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
English-Loeb, G., M. Rhainds, T. Martinson, & T. Ugine. 2003. Influence of Flowering Cover Crops on Anagrus Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and Erythroneura Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in New York Vineyards. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 5: 173−181.
Farrell, S.L. 2013. The Effect of Floral Nectar Feeding on the Parasitoid A. nilaparvatae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Spring p. 1−18.
Fowler, S.V., M.F. Claridge, & J.C. Morgan. 1991. Egg Mortality of the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and Green Leafhopper, Nephotettix spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on Rice in Srilanka. Bulletin of Entomological Research 81: 161−167.
Godfray, H.C.J. 1994. Parasitoids Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, United Kingdom. 473 p.
Gomez, K.A. & A.A. Gomez. 1995. Prosedur Statistik untuk Penelitian Pertanian. (translated by: E. Sjamsuddin & J.S. Baharsjah). UI Press, Jakarta. 698 p.
Gurr, G.M., J. Liu, D.M.Y. Read, J.L.A. Catindig, J.A. Cheng, L.P. Lan, & K.L. Heong. 2011. Parasitoids of Asian Rice Planthopper (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Pests and Prospects for Enhancing Biological Control by Ecological Engineering. Annals of Applied Biology 158: 149–176.
Gurr, G.M., Z. Lu, X. Zheng, H. Xu, P. Zhu, G. Chen, X. Yao, J. Cheng, Z. Zhu, J.L. Catindig, S. Villareal, H.V. Chien, L.Q. Cuong, C. Channoo, N. Chengwattana, L.P. Lan, L.H. Hai, J. Chaiwong, H.I. Nicol, D.J. Perovic, S.D. Wratten, & K.L. Heong. 2016. Multi-Country Evidence that Crop Diversification Promotes Ecological Intensification of Agriculture. Nature Plants 2: 1−4.
Hardin, M.R., B. Benrey, M. Coll, W.O. Lamp, G.K. Roderick, & P. Barbosa. 1995. Arthropod Pest Resurgence: an Overview of Potential Mechanisms. Crop Protection 14: 3−18.
Haryati S. 2016. Aktivitas Parasitoid Telur Wereng Batang Padi Cokelat dan Dampak Abamektin terhadap Fekunditas dan Perkembangan Anagrus nilaparvatae (The Activities of Egg Parasitoids of Rice Brown Planthopper and The Effects of Abamectin on Fecundity and Development of Anagrus nilaparvatae). Master’s Thesis. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. 46 p.
Haryati, S., Y.A. Trisyono, & Witjaksono. 2017. Parasitism of the Rice Brown Planthopper Eggs in Various Periods of Time of the Day. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 20: 28−35.
Lee, J.C., G.E. Heimpel, & G.L. Leibee. 2004. Comparing Floral Nectar and Aphid Honeydew Diets on The Longevity and Nutrient Levels of a Parasitoid Wasp. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 111: 189−199.
Lee, J.C., D. Andow, & G.E. Heimpel. 2006. Influence of Floral Resources on Sugar Feeding and Nutrient Dynamic of a Parasitoid in The Field. Ecological Entomology 31: 470−480.
Liu, F., Z. Xiao, G. Qing-Qing, & X. Qiu-Fing. 2012. Sublethal Effect of Four Insecticides on Anagrus nilaparvatae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), An Important Egg Parasitoid of the Rice Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Crop Protection 37: 13−19.
Lou, Y.G., G.R. Zhang, W.Q. Zhang, Y.H. Hu, & J. Zhang. 2014. Reprint of: Biological Control of Rice Pest in China. Biological Control 68: 103− 116.
Meilin, A, Y.A. Trisyono, E. Martono, & D. Buchori. 2012a. The Effects of Deltamethrin Applied at Sublethal Concentrations on the Adults of Anagrus nilaparvatae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 7: 1032−1037.
Meilin, A, Y.A. Trisyono, E. Martono, & D. Buchori. 2012b. Teknik Perbanyakan Massal Parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae (Pang et Wang) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) dengan Kotak Plastik [Mass-Rearing Technique of Anagrus nilaparvatae (Pang et Wang) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Using Plastic Box]. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 9: 7−13.
Olson, D.M., H. Fadamiro, J.G. Lundgren, & G.E. Heimpel. 2000. Effects of Sugar Feeding on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in a Parasitoid Wasp. Physiological Entomology 25: 17−26.
Otake, A. 1970. Studies on the Egg Parasities of the Smaller Brown Planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (FALLEN) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 5: 95−104.
Pianka, H.D., C.L. Boggs, & L.E. Gilbert. 1977. Ovarian Dynamics in Heliconiine Butterflies: Programmed Senescence versus Eternal Youth. Science 197: 487−490.
Reissig, W.H., E.A. Heinrichs, J.A. Litsinger, K. Moody, L. Fiedler, T.W. Mew, & A.T. Barrion. 1986. Illustrated Guide to Integrated Pest Management in Rice in Tropical Asia. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines. 411 p.
Rivero, A. & J. Casas. 1999. Incorporating Physiology into Parasitoid Behavioral Ecology: the Allocation of Nutritional Resources. Researches on Population Ecology 41: 39−45.
Segoli, M. & J.A. Rosenheim. 2013. The Link between Host Density and Egg Production in a Parasitoid Insect: Comparison Between Agricultural and Natural Habitats. Functional Ecology 27: 1224–1232.
Sivinski, J., D. Wahl, T. Holler, S. Al Dobai, & R. Sivinski. 2011. Conserving Natural Enemies with Flowering Plants: Estimating Floral Attractiveness to Parasitic Hymenoptera and Attraction's Relationship to Flower and Plant Morphology. Biological Control 58: 208−214.
Tylianakis, J.M., R.K. Didham, & S.D. Wratten. 2004. Improved Fitness of Aphid Parasitoids Receiving Resource Subsidies. Ecology 85: 658–666.
Vattala, H.D., S.D. Wratten, C.B. Phillips, & F.L. Wackers. 2006. The Influence of Flower Morpho-logy and Nectar Quality on the Longevity of a Parasitoid Biological Control Agent. Biological Control 39: 179−185.
Wackers, F.L., P.C.J. Van Rijn, & G.E. Heimpel. 2008. Honeydew as A Food Source for Natural Enemies: Making the Best of a Bad Meal? Biological Control 45: 176−184.
Watanabe, T., T. Wada, & N.M.N.N. Salleh. 1992. Parasitic Activities of Egg Parasitoids on the Rice Planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), in the Muda Area, Peninsular Malaysia. Applied Entomology and Zoology 27: 205–211.
Wratten, S.D., B.I. Lavandero, J. Tylianakis, D. Vattala, T. Çilgi, & R. Sedcole. 2003. Effects of Flowers on Parasitoid Longevity and Fecundity. New Zealand Plant Protection 56: 239−245.
Yaherwandi & U. Syam. 2007. Keanekaragaman dan Biologi Reproduksi Parasitoid Wereng Cokelat Nilaparvata lugens Stal. (Homoptera: Delphacidae) pada Struktur Lanskap Pertanian Berbeda. [The Diversity and Reproductive Biology of The Parasitoids of Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal. (Homoptera: Delphacidae) in Different Agricultural Landscape Structure ]. Jurnal Akta Agrosia. 10: 76−86.
Zhang, G., O. Zimmermann, & S.A. Hassan. 2004. Pollen as A Source of Food for Egg Parasitoids of The Genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 14: 201−209.
Zhang, W., B. Liu, G. Liang, & Y. Lu. 2016. Flowers Promote Ovarian Development and Vitellogenin Gene Expression in Apolygus lucorum (Heteroptera: Miridae). Arthropod-Plant Interactions 10: 113–119.
Zhu, P., G.M. Gurr, Z. Lu, K. Heong, G. Chen, H. Xu, Y. Yang, & X. Zheng. 2013. Laboratory Screening Supports the Selection of Sesame (Sesamum indicum) to Enhance A. nilaparvatae. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) of Rice Planthoppers. Biological Control 64: 83–89.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.24806
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 3317
| 
views : 2595
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2018 Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia ISSN 1410-1637 (print), ISSN 2548-4788 (online) is published by the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, in collaboration with Indonesian Entomological Society (Perhimpunan Entomologi Indonesia, PEI) and Indonesian Phytopathological Society (Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indonesia, PFI). The content of this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
View website statistics