Comparison of somatotype profiles and dietary intake of football athletes in different playing levels in Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.64653

Mirza Hapsari Sakti Titis Penggalih(1*), Kurnia Maratus Solichah(2), Mustika Cahya Nirmala Dewinta(3), Ibtidau Niamilah(4), Almira Nadia(5), Diana Pratiwi(6), Dessy Hosianna(7), Arum Darmastuti(8), Annisa Prihastin(9), Naila Syarifah(10), Ratna Kusuma Ningrum(11), Vigur Dinda Yulia Reswati(12), Nia Bactiar(13)

(1) Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(2) FIRST Sports Nutrition Consulting
(3) FIRST Sports Nutrition Consulting
(4) FIRST Sports Nutrition Consulting
(5) FIRST Sports Nutrition Consulting
(6) FIRST Sports Nutrition Consulting
(7) Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(8) Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(9) Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(10) Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(11) FIRST Sports Nutrition Consulting
(12) Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(13) FIRST Sports Nutrition Consulting
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Background: Anthropometry characteristic was significantly correlated with nutrition status, and both factors significantly contributed to athletes' sports performance. Somatotype as one of the anthropometric values can be used as screening or “diagnosis” in selecting new talents. The changes in athletes’ body composition by inadequate dietary intake and over-consumption relate to the performance quality of athletes.

Objective: The study aimed to compare football athletes' somatotype profiles and dietary intake in different playing levels in Indonesia.

Methods: A total of 112 adolescent football athletes in 4 playing levels; elite national team (ENT), advanced senior team (AST), advanced junior team (AJT), and amateur college athletes (ACT), performed somatotype measurement and dietary intake assessments using 3x24-h food recall. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to illustrate the difference among ENT, AST, AJT, and ACT groups, while a post-hoc test was used to verify pairwise comparison.

Results: All groups showed a significant difference in somatotype profiles and dietary intake. The somatotype profile of ENT group, categorized as balanced mesomorph (2.5-5.2-2.2), was the closest to the ideal profile of elite football athletes and was the most mesomorph among other groups. The somatotype of the AST group was the least mesomorph (1.5-3.2-3.0). Adequate energy intake was found only in the ENT group, whereas inadequate (<80%) in other groups. None of the groups consume an adequate amount of carbohydrates. The lowest dietary intake was found in the lowest playing level group, ACT. The somatotype profile and dietary intake of the ENT group were the most optimum compared to other groups, although the excess intake of fat should be noticed.

Conclusions: The somatotype profile of elite athletes in the ENT group was the closest to the ideal somatotype of elite football athletes in high-level competition. Dietary intake in the ENT group was also the most adequate, although the excess fat intake should be noticed.


Keywords


anthropometry; athlete; body composition; football; nutrition status; somatotype

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT. Textbook of natural medicine. 5th ed. Textbook of Natural Medicine. Missouri: Elsevier; 2020.
  2. Penggalih MHST, Juffrie M, Sudargo T, Sofro ZM. Correlation between nutritional status and lifestyle for youth soccer athlete performance: a cohort study. Pakistan J Nutr. 2017;16(12):895–905. doi: 10.3923/pjn.2017.895.905
  3. Fidelix YL, Berria J, Ferrari EP, Ortiz JG, Cetolin T, Petroski EL. Somatotype of competitive youth soccer players from Brazil. J Hum Kinet. 2014;42(1):259–66. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0079
  4. Lago-Penas C, Casais L, Dellal A, Rey E, Domiguez E. Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of young soccer players according to their playing positions: relevance for competition success. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(12):3358–67. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318216305d
  5. Kaplánová A, Šagát P, Gonzalez PP, Bartík P, Zvonař M. Somatotype profiles of Slovak and Saudi Arabian male soccer players according to playing positions. Kinesiology. 2020;52(1):143–50.
  6. Nepocatych S, Balilionis G, O’Neal E. Analysis of dietary intake and body composition of female athletes over a competitive season. Monten J Sport Sci Med. 2017;6(2):57–65. doi: 10.26773/mjssm.2017.09.008
  7. Afrifa D, Nsiah K, Appiah CA, Moses OM. Dietary intake and body composition characteristics of national football league players. Int J Sport Stud Heal. 2020;3(1): e104103. doi: 10.5812/intjssh.104103
  8. Rodríguez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S, American Dietetic Association, Dietitiens of Canada, The American College of Sports Medicine. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(3):509–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005
  9. Jager R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sport Nutr. 2017;14:20. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8
  10. Papadopoulou SK, Gouvianaki A, Grammatikopoulou MG, Marazaki Z, Pagkalos IG, Malliaropoulos N. Body composition and dietary intake of elite cross-country skiers members of the Greek National Team. Asian J Sports Med. 2012;3(4):257–66. doi: 10.5812/ASJSM.34548
  11. Devlin BL, Leveritt MD, Kingsley M, Belski R. Dietary intake, body composition, and nutrition knowledge of Australian football and soccer players: implications for sports nutrition professionals in practice. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017;27(2):130–8. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0191
  12. Bilsborough JC, Greenway K, Livingston S, Cordy J, Coutts AJ. Changes in anthropometry, upper-body strength, and nutrient intake in professional Australian football players during a season. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;11(3):290–300. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0447
  13. Spronk I, Heaney SE, Prvan T, O’Connor HT. Relationship between general nutrition knowledge and dietary quality in elite athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25(3):243–51. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0034
  14. Pratiwi D. Hubungan somatotype dan performa fisik pada atlet sepak bola tim nasional (TIMNAS) U-19 dan atlet sepakbola mahasiswa [Skripsi]. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada; 2014.
  15. Penggalih MHST, Juffrie M, Sudargo T, Sofro ZM. Correlation between dietary intake with anthropometry profile on youth football athlete in Indonesia. Asian J Clin Nutr. 2017;9(1):9–16. doi: 10.3923/ajcn.2017.9.16
  16. Hosianna DC, Penggalih MHST, Probosuseno. Hubunngan asupan zat gizi makro dan somatotipe terhadap kelincahan pemain sepak bola unit kegiatan mahasiswa (UKM) di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta [Skripsi]. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada; 2017.
  17. Carter JEL, Heath BH. Somatotyping: development and applications. UK: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
  18. Ariningsih E. Konsumsi dan kecukupan energi dan protein rumah tangga perdesaan di Indonesia: analisis data susenas 1999, 2002, dan 2005. In: Seminar Nasional Dinamika Pembangunan Pertanian dan Pedesaan: Tantangan dan Peluang bagi Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Petani. Bogor; 2008.
  19. Hazir T. Physical characteristics and somatotype of soccer players according to playing level and position. J Hum Kinet. 2011;26(2010):83–95. doi: 10.2478/v10078-010-0052-z
  20. Rienzi E, Drust B, Reilly T, Carter JE, Martin A. Investigation of anthropometric and work-rate profiles of elite South American international soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000;40(2):162–9.
  21. Casajús JA. Seasonal variation in fitness variabel in professional soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2001;41(4):463–9.
  22. Rahmawati NT, Budiharjo S, Ashizawa K. Somatotypes of young male athletes and non-athlete students in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Anthropol Sci. 2007;115(1):1–7. doi: 10.1537/ase.051008
  23. Silvestre R, West C, Maresh C. Body composition and physical performance in men’s soccer: a study of a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I team. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(1):177–83. doi: 10.1519/R-17715.1
  24. Pavlovi R, Simeonov A, Petkovi E. Analysis of the elite athletes’ somatotypes. Acta Kinesiologica. 2015;9(Suppl):47–53.
  25. Miranda REEP, Antunes HKM, Pauli JR, Puggina EF, Da Silva ASR. Effects of 10-week soccer training program on anthropometric, psychological, technical skills and specific performance parameters in youth soccer players. Sci Sport. 2013;28(2):81–7. doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2012.02.005
  26. Gil S, Ruiz F, Irazusta A, Gil J, Irazusta J. Selection of young soccer players in terms of anthropometric and physiological factors. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2007;47(1):25–32.
  27. Stanković D, Pavlović R, Petković E, Raković A, Puletić M. The somatotypes and body composition of elite track and field athletes and swimmers. Int J Sport Sci. 2018;8(3):67–77. doi: 10.5923/j.sports.20180803.01
  28. Kellet DW, Bagnall KM, Willan PLT. A study of potential Olympic swimmers. Part 2. Changes due to three months intensive training. Brit J Sport Med. 1978;12(2):87–92. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.12.2.87
  29. Rachka C, Aichele SK. Correlations between somatotypes and nutritional intake in sports students. Papers Anthropol. 2014;23(2):96–104. doi: 10.12697/poa.2014.23.2.09
  30. Drywien M, Frackiewicz J, Górnicka M, Wielgosz J, Sobolewska A, Kulik S. Influence of the somatotype on intake of energy and nutrients in women. Anthropol notebooks. 2016;22(3):147–57.
  31. Gedrich K. Determinants of nutritional behavior: a multitude of levers for successful intervention. Appetite. 2003;41(3):231–8. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2003.08.005
  32. Trakman G, Forsyth A, Devlin BL, Belski R. A systematic review of athletes’ an coaches’ nutrition knowledge and reflections on the quality of current nutrition knowledge measures. Nutrients. 2016;8(9):570. doi: 10.3390/nu8090570
  33. McCrink CM, McSorley EM, Grant K, McNeilly AM, Magee PJ. An investigation of dietary intake, nutrition knowledge and hydration status of Gaelic Football players. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(3):1465–73. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02341-x
  34. Penggalih MHST, Narruti NH, Fitria F, Pratiwi D, Sari MDP, Winata IN, et al. Identification of somatotype, nutritional status, food and fluid intake in gymnastics youth athletes. Asian J Clin Nutr. 2016;8(1):1–8. doi: 10.3923/ajcn.2016.1.8
  35. Gravina L, Ruiz F, Diaz E, Lekue JA, Badiola A, Irazusta J, et al. Influence of nutrient intake on antioxidant capacity, muscle damage and white blood cell count in female soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):32. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-32
  36. Morton RW, McGlory C, Phillips SM. Nutritional interventions to augment resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Front Physiol. 2015;6:245. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00245
  37. Phillips SM, van Loon LJC. Dietary protein for athletes: from requirements to optimum adaptation. J Sport Sci. 2011;29(Suppl 1):29–38. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.619204
  38. Brinkmans NYJ, Iedema N, Plasqui G, Wouters L, Saris WHM, van Loon LJC, et al. Energy expenditure and dietary intake in professional football players in the Dutch Premier League: implications for nutritional counselling. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(24):2759–67. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1576256
  39. Masanovic B, Bavcevic T, Bavcevic I. Comparative study of anthropometric measurement and body composition between junior soccer and volleyball players from the Serbian national league. Sport Mont. 2019;17(1):9–14. doi: 10.26773/smj.190202



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.64653

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3772 | views : 3026

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia (JGKI) Indexed by:
 
  

  free web stats View My Stats