Status kesehatan dan asupan mikronutrien vegetarian dan nonvegetarian di Bali

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.64443

Ni Ketut Sutiari(1*), Ali Khomsan(2), Hadi Riyadi(3), Faisal Anwar(4), Desak Putu Yuli Kurniati(5), Widya Astuti(6)

(1) Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Kedokteran Pencegahan (KMKP), Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Udayana, Bali
(2) Departemen Gizi Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, Institut Pertanian Bogor
(3) Departemen Gizi Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, Institut Pertanian Bogor
(4) Departemen Gizi Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, Institut Pertanian Bogor
(5) Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Kedokteran Pencegahan (KMKP), Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Udayana, Bali
(6) Program Studi Gizi, Fakultas Pendidikan dan Kesehatan Olahraga, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Health status and micronutrient intake among vegetarian and non-vegetarian in Bali

Background: Several studies have reported that vegetarian diets have health benefits for those adopting the diets.

Objective: This study aimed to compare anemia status and micronutrient intake between vegetarians and non-vegetarians in Bali.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bali. A total of 240 samples consisting of 160 vegetarians and 80 non-vegetarians were randomly selected. Hemoglobin (Hb) and fasting blood sugar levels were measured using the cyanmethemoglobin method and enzymatic colorimetric, respectively. Meanwhile, the data on micronutrient intakes were collected by interviews using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the Mann-Whitney test was performed to analyze the differences.

Results: The study’s results showed that the mean Hb levels in the vegetarian group were significantly lower than non-vegetarians (p=0.002; p<0.05), and the anemia status in vegetarian women were higher (22.5%) than non-vegetarian women (2.5%). The mean fasting blood glucose level in non-vegetarians was significantly higher than in the vegetarian group (p=0.000; p<0.05). There were no differences in zinc (Zn) intake between vegetarians and non-vegetarians, but there were significant differences (p<0.05) in vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) intakes.

Conclusions: There were differences in anemia status and fasting blood glucose levels between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. The fasting blood glucose levels of non-vegetarians were higher than vegetarians, and there were differences in the intake of certain micronutrients between vegetarians and non-vegetarians.


Keywords


anemia; Bali; blood glucose; non-vegetarian; vegetarian

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Radnitz C, Beezhold B, DiMatteo J. Investigation of lifestyle choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health and ethical reasons. Appetite. 2015;90:31˗6. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.026
  2. Sukma IWB. Pola Konsumsi dan status anemia pada vegetarian vegan. Jurnal Ilmu Gizi. 2015;6(2):121˗7.
  3. Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi A. Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(17):3640˗9. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447
  4. Kahleova H, Pelikanova T. Vegetarian diets in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(5):448-58. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.976890
  5. Sutiari NK. Konsumsi, status gizi, dan kesehatan masyarakat vegetarian dan nonvegetarian di Bali [Tesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor; 2008.
  6. Lea E, Worsley A. The factor sassociated with the beliefthat vegetarian diets provide health benefits. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(3):296˗303.
  7. Pawlak R, Berger J, Hines I. Iron status of vegetarian adults: a review of literature. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016;12(6):486-98. doi: 10.1177/1559827616682933
  8. Tanaka M, Nakayama J. Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on health in later life. Allergol Int. 2017;66(4):515˗22. doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.07.010
  9. Anggraini L, Lestariana W, Susetyowati S. Asupan gizi dan status gizi vegetarian pada komunitas vegetarian di Yogyakarta. Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia. 2015;11(4):143˗9. doi: 10.22146/ijcn.22986
  10. Nebl J, Schuchardt JP, Wasserfurth P, Haufe S, Eigendorf J, Hahn A, et al. Characterization, dietary habits and nutritional intake of omnivorous, lacto-ovo vegetarian and vegan runners-a pilot study. BMC Nutr. 2019;5:51. doi: 10.1186/s40795-019-0313-8
  11. Nebl J, Schuchardt JP, Ströhle A, Wasserfurth P, Haufe S, Hahn A, et al. Micronutrient status of recreational runners with vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1146. doi: 10.3390/nu11051146
  12. Scṻpbach R, Wegmṻller R, Berguerand C, Bui M, Herter-Aeberli I. Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1): 283˗93. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1079-7
  13. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas tahun 2018. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2019.
  14. Cochran WG. Sampling technique. New York: John Willey and Son; 1982.
  15. Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Knox KH, Key TJ. EPIC Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(3):259˗69. doi: 10.1079/PHN2002430
  16. Craig WJ, Mangels AR, American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(7):1266˗82. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027
  17. Zi FH, Wan YG, Yit SC, Yuan KC, Mahendran A. Factors associated with anemia among female adult vegetarian in Malayasia. Nutr Res Pract. 2019;13(1):23-31. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2019.13.1.23
  18. Obeid R, Geisel J, Schorr H, Hṻbner U, Herrmann W. The impact of vegetarianism on some haematological parameters. Eur J Haematol. 2002;69(5˗6):275˗9. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0609.2002.02798.x
  19. Thane CW, Bates CJ, Prentice A. Risk factors for low iron intake and poor iron status in a national sample of British young people aged 4–18 years. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(5):485-96. doi: 10.1079/PHN2002455
  20. Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(4):292-9. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.07.004
  21. Orlich MJ, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets in the Adventist Health Study 2: a review of initial published findings. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100Suppl 1(1):353S-8S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071233
  22. Fung TT, Schulze M, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary patterns, meat intake,and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(20):2235-40. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.20.2235
  23. Song SJ, Lee JE, Paik H-Y, Park MS, Song YJ. Dietary patterns based on carbohydrate nutrition are associated with the risk for diabetes and dyslipidemia. Nutr Res Pract. 2012;6(4):349˗56. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.4.349
  24. Yokoyama Y, Barnard ND, Levin SM, Watanabe W. Vegetarian diets and glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2014;4(5):373˗82. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.10.04
  25. Livesey G, Tagami H. Interventions to lower the glycemic response to carbohydrate foods with a low-viscosity fiber (resistant maltodextrin): meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(1):114-25. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.26842
  26. Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Brown JB. Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(2):228-33. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1392
  27. Watanabe F. Vitamin B12 sources and bioavability. Exp Biol Med. 2007;232(10):1266˗74. doi: 10.3181/0703-MR-67
  28. Carol LZ, Bevan DH, Kate AM, Angela VS, Michelle AR, Ramsay MR. Vitamin B12 and vegetarian diets. Med J Aust. 2013;199(S4):S27˗32. doi: 10.5694/mja11.11509
  29. Jessica W, Marissa L, Mariaa NGC. Consequences of inadequate intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calsium, iron, and folat in older person. Curr Geriatr Rep. 2018;7(2):103-13. doi: 10.1007/s13670-018-0241-5
  30. Katherine LT. Vegetarian diets and bone status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(suppl 1);329S-335S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071621
  31. Trailokya A, Srivastava A, Bhole M, Zalte N. Calcium and calcium salts. J Assoc Physicians India. 2017;65(2);100-3. doi:
  32. Julia B, Birgit K, Tamara S, Michell W, Rosalind F, Kurt G, et al. Dietary quality in vegetarian and omnivorus emale stundt in Germany: A restropective study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1888. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041888



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.64443

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 4678 | views : 6601

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia (JGKI) Indexed by:
 
  

  free web stats View My Stats