Pneumonia Related Deaths in Sleman Based on Verbal Autopsy: an Observational Study

https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.83510

Stephanie Audrey Handrianto(1), Beta Ahlam Gizela(2*), Djayanti Sari(3), Lukman Ade Chandra(4)

(1) Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, UGM
(2) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(3) Departement of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, UGM
(4) 
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Pneumonia has long been and remains one of the leading causes of death, especially among children and the elderly. Until this study was released, only the Jakarta province fulfilled the national target of pneumonia case findings. Thus, it is important to determine the characteristics and prevalence of pneumonia-related deaths in Sleman District based on verbal autopsy. This cross-sectional study used secondary data from Sleman HDSS cycles 1 to 7. The subject of this study was a person aged over 28 days who passed away due to pneumonia between 2015 and 2022 and met the criteria for sample inclusion. Fisher’s exact and Pearson’s chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. The number of subjects who died due to pneumonia was 65 subjects (33,3%), and the number of subjects who died due to other causes was 130 (66,7%). The prevalence of those who died due to pneumonia was lower than non-pneumonia death for all of the predetermined risk factors, including elderly age, male sex, low education level, high occupational risk, smoking history, alcohol consumption, asthma history, COPD history, stroke history, tuberculosis history, hospitalization history, and very thin or malnourished body with sex, occupational status & type, and nutritional status being statistically significant. The prevalence of pneumonia-related deaths in the Sleman HDSS VA population is 33,3%, with some risk factors that may affect it.


Keywords


Pneumonia; pneumonia mortality; risk factors; verbal autopsy.

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Dadonaite, B. and Roser, M. (2018) “Pneumonia,” Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia (Accessed: December 22, 2022).
  2. WHO and UNICEF (2013) Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025. The Integrated Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Available at: https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/global_action_plan_pneumonia_diarrhoea/en/ (Accessed: July 10, 2022).
  3. UNICEF (2018) Pneumonia in children statistics, UNICEF DATA. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/pneumonia/?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=74944a4d2dc75cb500cf0135b47fa6aa4176541b-1578557133-0-Af8_YkDhOiM7_BdsZyzwe_5RQICgdLBIMSTsr-VPI7Lw9oyjyX4VzB-KD_qXsLL3YVZ0R9sY-TY2jsYCiW0959rgJlEydsCXstBCKrsBWZqUDPkpF6sqfabC_qQmu (Accessed: July 10, 2022).
  4. WHO (2020) The top 10 causes of death. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death (Accessed: July 10, 2022).
  5. WHO (2019) Pneumonia. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia (Accessed: July 10, 2022).
  6. Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia (2019) Indonesia Health Profile 2018. Available at: https://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatan-indonesia/profil-kesehatan-indonesia-2018.pdf (Accessed: July 10, 2022).
  7. WHO (2021) Household air pollution and health. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health (Accessed: July 10, 2022).
  8. Tobacco Free Kids Organization (2021) The toll of Tobacco in Indonesia, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Available at: https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/problem/toll-global/asia/indonesia (Accessed: July 10, 2022).
  9. Niederman, M. S. et al. (2001) “Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention,” American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. American Thoracic Society, 163(7), pp. 1730–1754. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.at1010.
  10. Kaplan, V. et al. (2002) “Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: age- and sex-related patterns of care and outcome in the United States,” American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. American Thoracic Society, 165(6), pp. 766–772. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.6.2103038.
  11. Ebeledike, C. and Ahmad, T. (2022) “Pediatric Pneumonia,” in StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536940/ (Accessed: December 18, 2022).
  12. Ticinesi, A. et al. (2016) “Lung ultrasound and chest x-ray for detecting pneumonia in an acute geriatric ward,” Medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 95(27), p. e4153. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004153.
  13. Niederman, M. S. and Berger, J. T. (2010) “The delivery of futile care is harmful to other patients,” Critical care medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 38(10 Suppl), pp. S518-22. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f1cba5.
  14. Mansbach, J. M., Emond, J. A. and Camargo, C. A., Jr (2005) “Bronchiolitis in US emergency departments 1992 to 2000: epidemiology and practice variation,” Pediatric emergency care, 21(4), pp. 242–247. doi: 10.1097/01.pec.0000161469.19841.86.
  15. Casimir, G. J. et al. (2013) “Sex and inflammation in respiratory diseases: a clinical viewpoint,” Biology of sex differences. Springer Nature, 4(1), p. 16. doi: 10.1186/2042-6410-4-16.
  16. Escobar, V. et al. (1979) “The human X-chromosome and the levels of serum immunoglobulin M,” Clinical genetics. Wiley, 15(3), pp. 221–227. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb00971.x.
  17. Yang, Z. et al. (2014) “Female resistance to pneumonia identifies lung macrophage nitric oxide synthase-3 as a therapeutic target,” eLife. eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd, 3. doi: 10.7554/eLife.03711.
  18. Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. et al. (2020) “Education and pneumonia mortality: a trend analysis of its inequalities in Colombian adults,” BMJ open respiratory research. BMJ, 7(1), p. e000695. doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000695.
  19. Gaspar, M. A. R. et al. (2020) “Social inequality and pneumonia hospitalization in children under five years of age in Maranhão, Brazil,” Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil. FapUNIFESP (SciELO), 20(1), pp. 81–89. doi: 10.1590/1806-93042020000100006.
  20. Sarifah, S. and Edwina, T. N. (2015) “HUBUNGAN ANTARA DUKUNGAN SOSIAL TEMAN SEBAYA DAN DISIPLIN KULIAH DENGAN MINAT MENGIKUTI KULIAH PADA MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI MANAJEMEN PRODUKSI PEMBERITAAN SEKOLAH TINGGI MULTI MEDIA YOGYAKARTA,” Insight: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi. Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta, 17(2), p. 118. doi: 10.26486/psikologi.v17i2.690.
  21. World Health Organization (2017) State of health inequality: Indonesia. Genève, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259685 (Accessed: December 19, 2022).
  22. Østergaard, L. et al. (2021) “Work exposure and associated risk of hospitalisation with pneumonia and influenza: A nationwide study,” Scandinavian journal of public health. SAGE Publications, 49(1), pp. 57–63. doi: 10.1177/1403494820964974.
  23. Shubert, J. and Sharma, S. (2022) “Inhalation Injury,” in StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513261/ (Accessed: December 20, 2022).
  24. Baskaran, V. et al. (2019) “Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” PloS one. Public Library of Science (PLoS), 14(7), p. e0220204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220204.
  25. Sismanlar Eyuboglu, T. et al. (2020) “Passive smoking and disease severity in childhood pneumonia under 5 years of age,” Journal of tropical pediatrics. Oxford University Press (OUP), 66(4), pp. 412–418. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmz081.
  26. Jayes, L. et al. (2016) “SmokeHaz: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the effects of smoking on respiratory health,” Chest. Elsevier BV, 150(1), pp. 164–179. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.060.
  27. Corberand, J. et al. (1979) “Effect of tobacco smoking on the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes,” Infection and immunity. American Society for Microbiology, 23(3), pp. 577–581. doi: 10.1128/iai.23.3.577-581.1979.
  28. McMillan, S. A. et al. (1997) “Effect of low to moderate levels of smoking and alcohol consumption on serum immunoglobulin concentrations,” Journal of clinical pathology. BMJ, 50(10), pp. 819–822. doi: 10.1136/jcp.50.10.819.
  29. Dye, J. A. and Adler, K. B. (1994) “Effects of cigarette smoke on epithelial cells of the respiratory tract,” Thorax. BMJ, 49(8), pp. 825–834. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.8.825.
  30. Arcavi, L. and Benowitz, N. L. (2004) “Cigarette smoking and infection,” Archives of internal medicine. American Medical Association (AMA), 164(20), pp. 2206–2216. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206.
  31. Gupta, N. M., Deshpande, A. and Rothberg, M. B. (2020) “Pneumonia and alcohol use disorder: Implications for treatment,” Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 87(8), pp. 493–500. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.19105.
  32. Rizaty, M. A. (2022) Konsumsi Alkohol di Indonesia Terus Menurun dalam 5 Tahun Terakhir, Databoks. Available at: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/29/konsumsi-alkohol-di-indonesia-terus-menurun-dalam-5-tahun-terakhir (Accessed: December 21, 2022).
  33. Moss, M. et al. (1996) “The role of chronic alcohol abuse in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults,” JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association (AMA), 275(1), pp. 50–54. doi: 10.1001/jama.1996.03530250054027.
  34. Happel, K. I. and Nelson, S. (2005) “Alcohol, immunosuppression, and the lung,” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. American Thoracic Society, 2(5), pp. 428–432. doi: 10.1513/pats.200507-065JS.
  35. Zhang, P. et al. (2008) “Alcohol abuse, immunosuppression, and pulmonary infection,” Current drug abuse reviews. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 1(1), pp. 56–67. doi: 10.2174/1874473710801010056.
  36. Almirall, J. et al. (2008) “New evidence of risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study,” The European respiratory journal: official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology, 31(6), pp. 1274–1284. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00095807.
  37. Inghammar, M. et al. (2013) “Invasive pneumococcal disease in patients with an underlying pulmonary disorder,” Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Elsevier BV, 19(12), pp. 1148–1154. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12182.
  38. Shen, Y. et al. (2018) “Management of airway mucus hypersecretion in chronic airway inflammatory disease: Chinese expert consensus (English edition),” International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 13, pp. 399–407. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S144312.
  39. American Lung Association (no date) The connection between pneumonia and lung disease. Available at: https://www.lung.org/blog/pneumonia-and-lung-disease (Accessed: December 21, 2022).
  40. Janoff, E. N. (1992) “Pneumococcal disease during HIV infection,” Annals of internal medicine. American College of Physicians, 117(4), p. 314. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-117-4-314.
  41. Ammann, A. J. et al. (1984) “B-cell immunodeficiency in acquired immune deficiency syndrome,” JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association (AMA), 251(11), pp. 1447–1449. doi: 10.1001/jama.1984.03340350037024.
  42. Hirschtick, R. E. et al. (1995) “Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group,” The New England journal of medicine, 333(13), pp. 845–851. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199509283331305.
  43. Segal, L. N. et al. (2011) “HIV-1 and bacterial pneumonia in the era of antiretroviral therapy,” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. American Thoracic Society, 8(3), pp. 282–287. doi: 10.1513/pats.201006-044WR.
  44. Armstrong, J. R. and Mosher, B. D. (2011) “Aspiration pneumonia after stroke: intervention and prevention,” The Neurohospitalist. SAGE Publications, 1(2), pp. 85–93. doi: 10.1177/1941875210395775.
  45. Prass, K. et al. (2006) “Stroke propagates bacterial aspiration to pneumonia in a model of cerebral ischemia,” Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 37(10), pp. 2607–2612. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000240409.68739.2b.
  46. Westendorp, W. F. et al. (2011) “Post-stroke infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” BMC neurology. Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 11(1), p. 110. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-110.
  47. Ramirez, J. A. (2003) Community-acquired pneumonia: A plan for implementing national guidelines at the local hospital level.
  48. Mandell, L. A. et al. (2000) “Summary of Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Disease Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society,” Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses [The Canadian journal of infectious diseases]. Hindawi Limited, 11(5), pp. 237–248. doi: 10.1155/2000/457147.
  49. Wei, M. et al. (2020) “Pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,” Microbes and infection. Elsevier BV, 22(6–7), pp. 278–284. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.020.
  50. Peto, L. et al. (2014) “The bacterial aetiology of adult community-acquired pneumonia in Asia: a systematic review,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Oxford University Press (OUP), 108(6), pp. 326–337. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/tru058.
  51. Kumar, S. T. et al. (2017) “Recommendations from the 2016 guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated pneumonia,” P & T: a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 42(12), pp. 767–772. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29234216.
  52. Shebl, E. and Gulick, P. G. (2022) “Nosocomial Pneumonia,” in StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535441/ (Accessed: December 21, 2022).
  53. Gray, D. S. and Kimmel, D. (2006) “Enteral tube feeding and pneumonia,” American journal of mental retardation: AJMR. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), 111(2), pp. 113–120. doi: 10.1352/0895-8017(2006)111[113:ETFAP]2.0.CO;2.
  54. Koenig, S. M. and Truwit, J. D. (2006) “Ventilator-associated pneumonia: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention,” Clinical microbiology reviews. American Society for Microbiology, 19(4), pp. 637–657. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00051-05.
  55. Caulfield, L. E. et al. (2004) “Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles,” The American journal of clinical nutrition, 80(1), pp. 193–198. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.1.193.
  56. Barker, L. A., Gout, B. S. and Crowe, T. C. (2011) “Hospital malnutrition: prevalence, identification and impact on patients and the healthcare system,” International journal of environmental research and public health. MDPI AG, 8(2), pp. 514–527. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8020514.

.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.83510

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 702 | views : 453

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Community Empowerment for Health

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.