Email this article 
Hide
Show all
Sudah Jatuh Tertimpa Tangga: Malangnya Nasib Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI) di Masa Pandemi
https://doi.org/10.22146/balairung.v2i2.58031 Syifa Nadia Rahmawati(1*), Fila Kamilah(2)
(1) Universitas Indonesia
(2) University of Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI) menjadi salah satu kelompok rentan yang terdampak oleh adanya pandemi COVID-19. PMI mengalami berbagai permasalahan seperti pemutusan hubungan kerja (PHK), gaji tidak dibayar, hingga bekerja ekstra tanpa insentif sebagai implikasi dari pandemi COVID-19. Banyak di antara mereka yang terjebak di negeri asing akibat diperketatnya akses keluar-masuk negara, sehingga mereka harus bertahan dengan stok makanan terbatas dalam kondisi tertekan. Nasib sial tak hanya menimpa mereka yang terjebak di negeri asing, tetapi juga pada para PMI yang berhasil kembali ke Indonesia. Kendati demikian, terdapat kesamaan permasalahan, baik yang dialami oleh PMI yang terjebak di negara asing maupun yang telah berhasil pulang, yakni berbagai permasalahan yang mengkhawatirkan. Artikel ini berusaha meninjau dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap kondisi psikososial PMI. Hasil studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa PMI mengalami berbagai permasalahan selama pandemi, baik secara ekonomi, psikososial, hingga kesehatan, sehingga diperlukan kerja sama antara pemerintah Indonesia dan negara tempat PMI bekerja untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut. Pemerintah direkomendasikan untuk mengambil langkah secara langsung dalam mengatasi permasalahan yang dihadapi PMI selama pandemi, dengan memberi jaminan ekonomi dan memfasilitasi strategi coping kepada mereka.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdi, A. P. (2020, 28 Juni). Kelompok Yang Terlupakan: TKI Saat Pandemi. Diakses pada 10 Juli 2020, https://tirto.id/kelompok-yang-terlupakan-tki-yang-pulang-saat-pandemi-fLwu
Abdillah, S. U. A., & Anik, S. (2015). Kebijakan Jaminan Sosial Tenaga Kerja Sektor Informal Berbasis Keadilan Sosial Untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan. Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, 93(3), 558–580. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v93i0.3684
Abdurrahman, F. (2020, 15 Mei). Southeast Asian Migrants In The Pandemic. Diakses pada 5 Juli 2020. https://asc.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/2020/05/15/southeast-asian-migrant-workers-in-the-pandemic/
Adams, R., & Cuecuecha, A. (2011). The Economic Impact of International Migration and Remittances on Poverty and Household Consumption and Investment in Indonesia. Policy Research Working Paper 5433.
Afriska, A. E., Zulham, T., & Dawood, T. C. (2019). Pengaruh Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Di Luar Negeri Dan Remitansi Terhadap Pdb Per Kapita Di Indonesia. Jurnal Perspektif Ekonomi Darussalam, 4(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.24815/jped.v4i2.12947
Ahmad, P. (2020). Polemik Lockdown di Tengah Kegelisahan Kaum Marjinal. Adalah: Buletin Hukum Dan Keadilan, 4(1), 29–34.
http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/adalah/issue/archive
Anderson DG: Coping strategies and burnout among veteran child protection workers. Child Abuse Negl 2000, 24(6):839–848
Almeida-Leite, C. M., Stuginski-Barbosa, J., & Conti, P. (2020). How psychosocial and economic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic can interfere on bruxism and temporomandibular disorders?. Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB, 28, e20200263. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2020-0263
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet, 395(10224), e37-e38.
Bartley M, Sacker A, Clarke P: Employment status, employment conditions, and limiting illness: prospective evidence from the British household panel survey 1991-2001. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004, 58(6):501–506.
Bartley M: Unemployment and ill health: understanding the relationship. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994, 48(4):333–337.
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York: Free Press.
Chen, H.; Wang, L.; Wei, Y.; Ye, B.; Dai, J.; Gao, J.; Wang, F.; Fu, H. The potential psychological mechanism of subjective well-being in migrant workers: A structural equation models analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2229.
Chen, L., Li, W., He, J., Wu, L., Yan, Z., & Tang, W. (2012). Mental health, duration of unemployment, and coping strategy: A cross-sectional study of unemployed migrant workers in eastern china during the economic crisis.
BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-597
Chu, D. et. al.,. (2020). Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 1973–1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9
Cantor-Graae, E., & Selten, J.P. (2005). Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. American journal of psychiatry, 162, (1), 12-24.
Carr, Deborah, Kathrin Boerner, and Sara Moorman. 2020. “Bereavement in the Time of Coronavirus: Unprecedented Challenges Demand Novel Interventions.” Journal of Aging and Social Policy 32(4–5): 425–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1764320.
Chen, L., Li, W., He, J., Wu, L., Yan, Z., & Tang, W. (2012). Mental health, duration of unemployment, and coping strategy: A cross-sectional study of unemployed migrant workers in eastern china during the economic crisis. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-597
Collins, F. L. (2020, June 23). Caring for 300,000 temporary migrants in New Zealand is a crucial missing link in our coronavirus response. Diakses pada 5 Juli 2020, https://theconversation.com/caring-for-300-000-temporary-migrants-in-new-zealand-is-a-crucial-missing-link-in-our-coronavirus-response-134152
Comino EJ, Harris E, Silove D, Manicavasagar V, Harris MF: Prevalence, detection and management of anxiety and depressive symptoms in unemployed patients attending general practitioners. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000, 34(1):107–113.
Consuello, Y. (2020). Analisis Efektifitas Kartu Pra-kerja di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19. ADALAH : Buletin Hukum & Keadilan, 4(1), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v4i1.15479
Damien, F. ( 2020, 28 Maret). Unemployment During Coronavirus: The Psychology of Job Loss. Diakses pada 6 Juli 2020, https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss
Dubey, S., Biswas, P., Ghosh, R., Chatterjee, S., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S., Lahiri, D., & Lavie, C. J. (2020). Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 14(5), 779–788. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035
Ekonomi Indonesia Triwulan I 2020 Tumbuh 2,97 Persen. (2020, May 5). Badan Pusat Statistik. Diakses pada 3 Juli 2020, https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2020/05/05/1736/ekonomi-indonesia-triwulan-i-020-tumbuh-2-97-persen.html
Firdaus, G. (2017). Mental well-being of migrants in urban centers of India: Analyzing the role of social environment. Indian journal of psychiatry, 59(2), 164.
Fisher, M. (2019). A theory of public wellbeing. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7626-z
Gonzalez-Diaz, Jairo M., Cano, Juan Fernando, & Pereira-Sanchez, Victor. (2020).
Psychosocial impact of COVID-19-related quarantine: reflections after the first case of suicide in Colombia. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(6), e00117420. Epub June 17, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00117420
Goyal K, Chauhan P, Chhikara K, Gupta P, Singh MP. (2020). Fear of COVID 2019: first suicidal case in India! Asian J Psychiatry; 49:101989.
Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. (2020).
Psychosocial Issues among Migrants During COVID-19. https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedPsychosocialissuesofmigrantsCOVID19.pdf
Grossi G. (1999). Coping and emotional distress in a sample of Swedish unemployed. Scand J Psychol, 40(3):157–165
Hill, B. (2020). THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.8.456.
Idhom, A. (2020, 31 Maret). Daftar Kebijakan Jokowi Tangani Pandemi Corona dan Isi Perppu Baru. Diakses pada 6 Juli 2020, https://tirto.id/daftar-kebijakan-jokowi-tangani-pandemi-corona-dan-isi-perppu-baru-eJYX
Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. IASC: Geneva, 2007
International Labour Organization. (2020, 7 April). ILO: COVID-19 Causes Devastating Losses In Working Hours and Employment. Diakses pada 8 Juli 2020.https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_740893/lang--en/index.html
Human Rights Working Group. (2020, 10 Mei). Siaran Pers Dampak COVID-19 Terhadap PMI: Dari PHK, Gaji Tidak Dibayar, Takut Ditangkap, Sampai Kerja Ekstra Tanpa Tambahan Insentif. Diakses pada 9 Juli 2020. https://hrwg.org/2020/05/10/siaran-pers-dampak-COVID-19-terhadap-pmi-dari-phk-gaji-tidak-dibayar-takut-ditangkap-sampai-kerja-ekstra-tanpa-tambahan-insentif/
Lemaire, J.B. & Wallace J,E. (2020). Not all coping strategies are created equal: a mixed methods study exploring physicians’ self reported coping strategies. BMC Health Serv Res, 10:208
Li L, Wang HM, Ye XJ, et al: The mental health status of Chinese rural-urban migrant workers: comparison with permanent urban and rural dwellers. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007, 42(9):716–722.
Mou, J.; Griffiths, S.M.; Fong, H.; Dawes, M.G. Health of China’s rural-urban migrants and their families: A review of literature from 2000 to 2012. Br. Med. Bull. 2013, 106, 19–43, doi:10.1093/bmb/ldt016.
Park HJ, Lee BJ. The role of social work for foreign residents in an epidemic: the MERS crisis in the Republic of Korea. Soc Work Public Health. 2016;31(7): 656–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2016.1160352
Pocock, N.S.; Nguyen, L.H.; Lucero-Prisno, D.E.; Zimmerman, C.; Oram, S. Occupational, physical, sexual and mental health and violence among migrant and trafficked commercial fishers and seafarers from the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Systematic review. Glob. Health Res. Policy 2018, 1, 3–28, doi:10.1186/s41256-018-0083-x.
Pusparisa, Y. (2020, 1 Maret). Dampak COVID-19, Puluhan Ribu Pekerja Migran Kembali Ke Tanah Air. Diakses pada 9 Juli 2020. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/04/01/dampak-COVID-19-puluhan-ribu-pekerja-migran-kembali-ke-tanah-air
Ryan, R. M., & Deci E. L. (2001). On happines and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well- being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141- 166.
Ryff, C. D, & Singer, B. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13-39
Samudra, R.R. & Setyonaluri, D. (2020). Inequitable Impact of COVID 19 in Indonesia. Lembaga Demografi Universitas Indonesia; p. 1-4. Hargreaves S, Rustage K, Nellums LB, et al. Occupational health outcomes among international migrant workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2019; 7: e872–82.
Hasnugara. (2020, 25 April). Larangan Mudik, TKI dari Hong Kong Telantar di Bandara Soetta Tak Bisa Pulang. Diakses pada 12 Juli 2020. https://regional.inews.id/berita/larangan-mudik-tki-dari-hong-kong-telantar-di-bandara-soetta-tak-bisa-pulang-kampung
Henssler, J., Brandt, L., Müller, M., Liu, S., Montag, C., Sterzer, P., & Heinz, A. (2019). Migration and schizophrenia: meta-analysis and explanatory framework. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 1-11.
Husmiati; Lala M Kolopaking; Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesejahteraan Sosial (Indonesia). (2015). Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Bermasalah Melalui Rumah Perlindungan Trauma Center.
Iliceto, P., Pompili, M., Candilera, G., Borges, G., Lamis, D. A., Serafini, G., & Girardi, P. (2012). Suicide risk and psychopathology in immigrants: A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(7), 1105 – 1114.
Larson, J.S. The World Health Organization’s definition of health: Social versus spiritual health. Soc. Indic. Res. 1996, 38, 181–192. [CrossRef]
Lin, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, W.; Shi, J.; Han, S.; Song, X.; Xu, Y.; Ling, L. Association between social integration and health among internal migrants in Zhongshan, china. PLoS One 2016, 11, e148397.
Martikainen, P. Psychosocial determinants of health in social epidemiology. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 31, 1091–1093
Mishra, A., & Neha Sayeed, D. R. (2020). 5 COVID-19 and Migrant Workers: Clinical Psychologists’ Viewpoints. July.
Pemerintah RI. (2004). Act of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 Year 2004 Placement and Protection of Indonesian Overseas Worker and the President of the Republic of Indonesia. 39, 1–40.
Satriawan, Y. (2020, 12 Mei). Pekerja Migran: Dari Stigma, PHK, Hingga Tak Terdata Sebagai Penerima Bansos. Diakses pada 2 Juli 2020, https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/pekerja-migran-dari-stigma-phk-hingga-tak-terdata-sebagai-penerima-bansos/5416247.html
Spallek, J., Reeske, A., Norredam, M., Nielsen, S.S., Lehnhardt, J., & Razum, O.(2015). Suicide among immigrants in Europe: A systematic literature review. Eur. J. Public Health, 25, 63–71.
Stroud, K. (2020). Stressful Life Events and Depression. Clinical Science Insights: Knowledge Families Count On v.14, 157(8), 1344-a-1345. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1344-a
Suharto, E. (2008). Kebijakan Sosial Sebagai Kebijakan Publik. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Susilo, W., Hidayah, A., Mulyadi. (2013). Selusur Kebijakan (Minus) Perlindungan Buruh Migran Indonesia. Jakarta: Migrant Care.
Susilo, W. (2020, 1 Mei). Stigma, Rasisme, dan Perlakuan Diskriminasi Terhadap Pekerja Migran. Diakses pada 19 Juli 2020, https://www.dw.com/id/rasisme-dan-perlakuan-diskriminasi-terhadap-pekerja-migran/a-53209101
Guadagno, L. (2020). Migrants and The COVID-19 Pandemic: An Initial Analysis. UN Migration: Migrant Workers Series.
Hargreaves, Sally & Rustage, Kieran & Nellums, Laura & Friedland, Jon & Zimmerman, Cathy. (2019). Occupational health outcomes among international migrant workers – Author’s reply. The Lancet Global Health. 7. e1616. 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30389-4.
Jacobs, L. (2007). Rights and Quarantine during the SARS Global Health Crisis: Differentiated Legal Consciousness in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Toronto. Law & Society Review, 41(3), 511-551. Retrieved September 20, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4623394
Kluge HNP. Statement., “Physical and Mental Health Key to Resilience During COVID-19 Pandemic. 26 Maret 2020. Diakses pada 10 Juli 2020. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/statements/statement-physical-and-mental-health-key-to-resilience-during-COVID-19-pandemic.
Kluge, H., Jakab, Z., Bartovic, J., D’Anna, V., & Severoni, S. (2020). Refugee and migrant health in the COVID-19 response. Lancet (London, England), 395(10232), 1237–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30791-1
Liem, Andrian & Wang, Cheng & Wariyanti, Yosa & Latkin, Carl & Hall, Brian. (2020). The neglected health of international migrant workers in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. 7. pe20. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30076-6.
Lin Q, Zhao S, Gao D, et al. (2020). A conceptual model for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China with individual reaction and governmental action. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;93:211-216. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.058
Mamun MA, Griffiths MD. First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51:102073.
Moroz, H., Shrestha, M., & Testaverde, M. (2020). Potential Responses to the COVID-19 Outbreak in Support of Migrant Workers. Potential Responses to the COVID-19 Outbreak in Support of Migrant Workers, 10, 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1596/33625
Moyce SC, Schenker M. Migrant workers and their occupational health and safety. Annu Rev Public Health 2018; 39: 351–65.
Röhr S, Müller F, Jung F, et al. [Psychosocial Impact of Quarantine Measures During Serious Coronavirus Outbreaks: A Rapid Review]. Psychiatrische Praxis. 2020 May;47(4):179-189. DOI: 10.1055/a-1159-5562.
Schaller, J. & Stevens, A. H. (2015). Short-run effects of job loss on health conditions, health insurance, and health care utilization. J Health Econ 43:190–203
Sharma, S. (2020, 14 Juli). Singapore Slips Into Recession With Record Economic Contracton of 41% In Q2; Govt Blames Lockdown. Diakses pada 19 Juli https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/singapore-slips-into-recession-with-record-economic-contraction-of-41-in-q2-govt-blames-lockdown/2023474/
Tjirawati, A T. (2016). PERLINDUNGAN HAK DAN PEMENUHAN AKSES KESEHATAN BAGI TENAGA KERJA INDONESIA DI MALAYSIA. Mimbar Hukum: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Virupaksha HG, Kumar A, Nirmala BP. Migration and mental health: An interface. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2014;5(2):233-239. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.136141
Wahab, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 in Malaysia: Pushing migrant workers at the margin. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), 100073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100073
Wen, M.; Zheng, Z.; Niu, J. Psychological distress of rural-to-urban migrants in two Chinese cities: Shenzhen and Shanghai. Asian Popul. Stud. 2017, 13, 5–24.
World Bank. (2017). Pekerja Global Indonesia Antara Peluang & Risiko. 94.
Yang, T.; Xu, X.; Li, M.; Rockett, I.R.H.; Zhu, W.; Ellison-Barnes, A. Mental health status and related characteristics of Chinese male rural–urban migrant workers. Commun. Ment. Health J. 2012, 48, 342– 351.
Yazid, S., & Jovita, L. D. (2020). Dampak Pandemi Terhadap Mobilitas Manusia Di Asia Tenggara. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 0(0), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v0i0.3862.75-83
Yudhistira, A. W., (2020, 16 Maret). COVID-19: Dari Wabah Jadi Pandemi. Diakses pada 3 Juli 2020). https://katadata.co.id/infografik/2020/03/16/COVID-19-dari-wabah-jadi-pandemi
Zeng, Z.; Guo, Y.; Lu, L.; Han, L.; Chen, W.; Ling, L. Mental health status and work environment among workers in small- and medium-sized enterprises in Guangdong, china-a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 1162.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/balairung.v2i2.58031
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 4700
| 
views : 3368
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Kompleks Perumahan Dosen UGM, Bulaksumur B-21, Caturtunggal, Kecamatan Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281.
email: balairungpress@gmail.com | LINE: @GSJ9240C | http://balairungpress.com
2018 BPPM BALAIRUNG UGM