Rezim Para Penyangkal: Pengaruh Kelompok Penyangkal Perubahan Iklim terhadap Kebijakan Politik Amerika Serikat di Bidang Lingkungan
Kenny Setya Abdiel(1*), Muhammad Respati Harun(2)
(1) Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(2) Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Menurut Peter Hough, permasalahan lingkungan hidup adalah salah satu isu yang harus disekuritisasi. Sekuritisasi adalah proses menjadikan suatu isu menjadi isu yang harus dipandang sebagai suatu ancaman terhadap eksistensi. Ia tidak dapat lagi dipandang sebagai bagian yang terpisah dari manusia karena terjadi hubungan saling memengaruhi di antara keduanya. Namun, upaya sekuritisasi tersebut terhambat karena munculnya kelompok-kelompok yang menyangkal adanya perubahan iklim. Kelompok tersebut muncul di sejumlah negara, salah satunya adalah Amerika Serikat (AS). Menurut Jean-Daniel Collomb, besarnya pengaruh yang dimiliki kelompok penyangkal dapat memengaruhi pembentukan kebijakan dalam dan luar negeri AS. Dalam artikel ini, kami akan mendedah bagaimana kelompok penyangkal perubahan iklim dapat mempengaruhi kebijakan politik dalam dan luar negeri AS, terutama di bidang lingkungan. Dari sana, kami akan menjelaskan bagaimana AS di bawah Donald Trump menjadi sangat kontradiktif dengan apa yang dilakukan pada rezim Barack Obama. Tidak sedikit kebijakan Trump yang memengaruhi upaya sekuritisasi lingkungan, apalagi ketika mengingat AS merupakan salah satu negara penyumbang gas karbon terbesar. Salah satu contoh terkini yang menggambarkan hal tersebut adalah keluarnya AS dari Perjanjian Paris.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Burchill, Scott: et all. Theories of Interational Relations: Third Edtition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. London: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
Clark, Duncan. Has the Kyoto protocol made any difference to carbon emissions? 26 November 2012. <https://www. theguardian.com/environment/blog/2012/nov/26/kyoto-protocol-carbon-emissions>.
CNN Library. Kyoto Protocol Fast Facts. 24 Maret 2017. <http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/26/world/kyoto-protocol-fast-facts/index.html>.
Collomb, Jean-Daniel. “The Ideology of Climate Change Denials in the United States.” European Journal of American Studies (2014): 1-20.
Davenport, Coral. E.P.A. Chief Doubts Consensus View of Climate Change. 9 Maret 2017. 7 Januari 2018. <https:// www.nytimes.com/2017/03/09/us/politics/epa-scott-pruitt-global-warming.html>.
DiChristopher, Tom. Energy Secretary Rick Perry faces grilling over his proposal to subsidize coal and nuclear power generation. 12 Oktober 2017. 7 Januari 2018. <https:// www.cnbc.com/2017/10/12/energy-sec-perry-coal-and-nuclear-subsidies.html>.
—. Energy Secretary Rick Perry says CO2 is not the main driver of climate change. 19 Juni 2017. 7 Januari 2018. <https:// www.cnbc.com/2017/06/19/energy-sec-rick-perry-says-co2-is-not-the-main-driver-of-climate-change.html>.
Dunlap, Riley E. and Aaron M. McCright. “The Politization of Climate Change and Polarization in the Americans Public’s View of Global Warming, 2001-2010.” The Sociological Quarterly (2011): 155-194.
Dunlap, Riley E. “Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction.” American Behavioral Scientist (2013): 691-898.
Environmental Protection Agency. Economics of Climate Change. n.d. <https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/economics-climate-change>.
—. FACT SHEET: Clean Power Plan Overview. n.d. <https:// archive.epa.gov/epa/cleanpowerplan/fact-sheet-clean-power-plan-overview.html>.
Friedman, Lisa and Brad Plumer. E.P.A. Announces Repeal of Major Obama-Era Carbon Emissions Rule. 9 Oktober 2017. 7 Januari 2018. <https://www.nytimes. com/2017/10/09/climate/clean-power-plan.html>.
Goldenberg, Suzanne. Leak exposes how Heartland Institute works to undermine climate science. 15 Februari 2012. 7 Januari 2018. <https://www.theguardian.com/ environment/2012/feb/15/leak-exposes-heartland-institute-climate>.
Harrington, Rebecca. Business Insider. 31 Mei 2017. <http:// www.businessinsider.sg/what-did-us-agree-to-paris-climate-deal-2017-5/?r=US&IR=T>.
Hough, Peter. “Environmental Security.” Hough, Peter, et al. International Security Studies: Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge, 2015. 212-224.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “IPCC Factsheet: What is the IPCC?” 30 Agustus 2013. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. <http:// www.ipcc.ch/news_and_events/docs/factsheets/FS_ what_ipcc.pdf >.
Kruse, Maria. Kyoto Protocol - important tool for sustainable development. 16 Februari 2005. <http://www.fao.org/ newsroom/en/news/2005/89781/index.html>.
Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth and K. Lee Lerner. Environmental Science: In Context. Detroit: Gale, 2009.
Lovett, Jon C. “1997 Kyoto Protocol.” Journal of African Law (2005): 94-96.
Matthews, Dylan. Donald Trump has tweeted climate change skepticism 115 times. Here’s all of it. 1 Juni 2017. <https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/6/1/15726472/trump-tweets-global-warming-paris-climate-agreement>.
Meakin, Stephanie. The Rio Earth Summit: Summary of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. November 1992. 12 November 2017. <http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/ bp317-e.htm>.
Mills, C. Wright. The Power Elite. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956.
Minerva. Conferences of the Parties (COP): a short history. n.d. <http://www.minerva.unito.it/E/Climate/ ClimateConferenceHistory.htm>.
National Geographic Indonesia. Resmi Ketuk Palu, Konferensi Perubahan Iklim Dunia Hasilkan Perjanjian Paris. 14 Desember 2015. <http://nationalgeographic. co.id/berita/2015/12/resmi-ketuk-palu-konferensi-perubahan-iklim-dunia-hasilkan-perjanjian-paris>.
Obama, Barack. Barack Obama on food and climate change: ‘We can still act and it won’t be too late’. 26 Mei 2017. <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/may/26/barack-obama-food-climate-change>.
Park, Madison. EPA removes climate change references from website, report says. 8 Desember 2017. 31 Januari 2018. <https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/08/politics/epa-climate-change-references/index.html>.
Plumer, Brad. Energy Department Closes Office Working on Climate Change Abroad. 15 Juni 2017. <https://www. nytimes.com/2017/06/15/climate/energy-department-closes-office-working-on-climate-change-abroad. html>.
—. The New York Times. 7 Juni 2017. <https://www.nytimes. com/2017/06/07/climate/trump-paris-climate-timeline. html>.
Schmidt, Steffen W., Mack C. Shelley II and Barbara A. Bardes. American Government and Politics Today: 2010-2011 Edition. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011.
Schwartz, John. Exxon Misled the Public on Climate Change, Study Says. 23 Agustus 2017. 7 Agustus 2018. <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/23/climate/exxon-global-warming-science-study.html>.
Sidahmed, Mazin. The Guardian. 15 Desember 2016. <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/ dec/15/trump-cabinet-climate-change-deniers>.
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. Kyoto Protocol. 15 Desember 2017. <https://www.britannica.com/event/ Kyoto-Protocol>.
—. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. 20 Juli 1998. <https://www.britannica. com/event/United-Nations-Conference-on- Environment-and-Development>.
The Guardian. What is the Kyoto protocol and has it made any difference? 11 Maret 2011. <https://www. theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/11/kyoto-protocol>.
The New York Times. What Is the Clean Power Plan, and How Can Trump Repeal It? 10 Oktober 2017. <https:// www.nytimes.com/2017/10/10/climate/epa-clean-power-plan.html>.
The Washington Times. Topic - Environmental Protection Agency. n.d. <https://www.washingtontimes.com/ topics/environmental-protection-agency/>.
The White House. The White House. 1 Juni 2017. <https:// www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/01/ statement-president-trump-paris-climate-accord>.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Conference of the Parties (COP). n.d. <http:// unfccc.int/bodies/body/6383.php>.
—. Status of the Doha Amendment. n.d. <http://unfccc.int/ kyoto_protocol/doha_amendment/items/7362.php>.
—. UNFCCC eHandbook - Startpage. n.d. <http:// bigpicture.unfccc.int/>.
United Nations. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. n.d. <https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/milestones/ humanenvironment>.
United Nations Treaty Collection. Paris Agreement. 15 Desember 2012. <https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7- d&chapter=27&lang=_en&clang=_en>.
Worland, Justin. Scott Pruitt Casts Doubt on EPA Document Showing the Dangers of Climate Change. 20 Oktober 2017. <http://time.com/4990265/scott-pruitt-clean-power-plan-epa/>.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/balairung.v1i1.34900
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2962 | views : 4366Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Kompleks Perumahan Dosen UGM, Bulaksumur B-21, Caturtunggal, Kecamatan Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281.
email: balairungpress@gmail.com | LINE: @GSJ9240C | http://balairungpress.com