Clinical trial and therapeutical progress of COVID-19 treated with remdesivir: A review

  • Anna Maria Manullang Master Program of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Monia Agni Wiyatami Master Program of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Azril Hardiman Mahulauw Master Program of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, remdesivir, clinical trial, therapeutical progress

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that first reported in Wuhan City, China. Most confirmed cases of COVID-19 develop mild, moderate, severe to critical symptoms. One of the therapies given and of concern is remdesivir. Remdesivir is an antiviral with a broad spectrum that has activity against various types of viruses including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV. The aim of this review was to evaluate the clinical trial and the therapeutical progress of remdesivir in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Databases used for this review were Google Scholar, JAMA, PubMed and Science Direct library. The inclusion criteria were covering any literature using remdesivir in clinical studies and COVID-19 therapy published from December 2019 to October 2020. Overall no pattern of laboratory abnormalities and clinically significant changes in vital signs or ECG shifts was observed in patients receiving remdesivir. The decision to use remdesivir in COVID-19 treatment should consider its potential benefits and risks.

References

Biscayart C, Angeleri P, Lloveras S, Chaves TdSS, Schlagenhauf P, Rodriguez- Morales AJ. The next big threat to global health 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): What advice can we give to travellers?—Interim recommendations January 2020, from the Latin-American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI). Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;33:101567. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101567

Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., dkk., 2020. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019

Cohn, M.D., 2020., First case of 2019 novel coronavirusin the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191

Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering Drugs to Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discov Ther. 2020;14 (1):58–60. doi: 10.5582/ddt.2020.01012

Gao, Y., Yan, L., Huang, Y., Liu, F., Zhao, Y., Cao, L., dkk., 2020. Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus. Science, 368: 779–782.

Gordon, C.J., Tchesnokov, E.P., Woolner, E., Perry, J.K., Feng, J.Y., Porter, D.P., dkk., 2020. Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295: 6785–6797.

Harapan, H., Itoh, N., Yufika, A., Winardi, W., Keam, S., Te, H., dkk., 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13: 667–673.

Hosseiny, M., Kooraki, S., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Reddy, S., dan Myers, L., 2020. Radiology Perspective of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Lessons From Severe

J.H. Beigel, K.M. Tomashek, L.E. Dodd, A.K. Mehta, B.S. Zingman, A.C. Kalil, E. Hohmann, H.Y. Chu, A. Luetkemeyer, S. Kline, D. Lopez de Castilla, R.W. Finberg, K. Dierberg, V. Tapson, L. Hsieh, T.F. Patterson, R. Paredes, D.A. Sweeney, W.R. Short, G. Touloumi, D.C. Lye, N. Ohmagari, M. Oh, G.M. Ruiz-Palacios, T. Benfield, G. Fätkenheuer, M.G. Kortepeter, R.L. Atmar, C.B. Creech, J. Lundgren, A.G. Babiker, S. Pett, J.D. Neaton, T.H. Burgess, T. Bonnett, M. Green, M. Makowski, A. Osinusi, S. Nayak, and H.C. Lane., 2020 Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report‘, New England Journal of Medicine, 383(19), pp. 1813–1826. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa2007764

Kakodkar, P., Kaka, N., dan Baig, M., 2020. A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Clinical Presentation, and Management of the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus, 12: e7560.

Kirchdoerfer, R.N. dan Ward, A.B., 2019. Structure of the SARS-CoV nsp12 polymerase bound to nsp7 and nsp8 co-factors. Nature Communications, 10: 2342.

Kemenkes RI, 2020. Pedoman Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Jakarta.

Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382:1199–207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa200 1316

Malin, J.J., Suárez, I., Priesner, V., Fätkenheuer, G., dan Rybniker, J., 2020. Remdesivir against COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 34: e00162-20.

Manli Wang, Ruiyuan Cao, Leike Zhang, Xinglou Yang, Jia Liu, Mingyue Xu, Zhengli Shi, Zhihong Hu., 2020. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0282

Michelle L. Holshue, M.P.H., Chas DeBolt, M.P.H., Scott Lindquist, M.D., Kathy H. Lofy, M.D., John Wiesman, Dr.P.H., Hollianne Bruce, M.P.H., Christopher Spitters, M.D., Keith Ericson, P.A.-C., Sara Wilkerson, M.N., Ahmet Tural, M.D., George Diaz, M.D., Amanda

Neldi, V., Suharjono, S., dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, 2020. Remdesivir: Mechanism and Effectiveness for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7: 39–48.

Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38(1):1–9. doi: 10.12932/AP-200220-0772

Rita Humeniuk, Anita Mathias, Huyen Cao, Anu Osinusi, Gong Shen, Estelle Chng, John Ling, Amanda Vu and Polina German., 2020, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Remdesivir, An Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19, in Healthy Subjects, Clinical and Translational Science, 13(5), pp. 896–906. doi: 10.1111/cts.12840

Robson, F., Khan, K.S., Le, T.K., Paris, C., Demirbag, S., Barfuss, P., dkk., 2020. Coronavirus RNA Proofreading: Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Targeting. Molecular Cell, 79: 710–727.

Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). J Autoimmun. 2020 ;109:102433. doi: 10. 1016/j.jaut.2020.10243

Sahu, K.K., Lal, A., dan Mishra, A.K., 2020. An update on CT chest findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Heart & Lung, 49: 442–443. Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O’Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, et al. World Health Organization Declares Global Emergency: A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg. 2020;76:71–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034

Spinner, C.D., Gottlieb, R.L., Criner, G.J., Arribas López, J.R., Cattelan, A.M., Soriano Viladomiu, A., dkk., 2020. Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 324: 1048–1057.

Tasavon Gholamhoseini, M., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Goudarzi, R., dan Mehrolhassani, M.H., 2021. Safety and Efficacy of Remdesivir for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences: A Publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe Canadienne Des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 24: 237–245.

Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., dkk., 2020. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323: 1061.

Wiersinga, W.J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A.C., Peacock, S.J., dan Prescott, H.C., 2020. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA, 324: 782–793.

World Health Organization, 2020. Clinical Management of COVID-19. World Health Organization.Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. American Journal of Roentgenology, 214: 1078–1082.

WHO, 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200316-sitrep-56-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=9fda7db2_2 (diakses tanggal 26/9/2021).

Published
2021-12-23