The Influence of Sex and Weather on the Activity Budget of Javan Slow Lorises (Nycticebus javanicus) in Garut Regency, West Java

https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.67142

Helmi Romdhoni(1), Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah(2*), Entang Iskandar(3), Katherine Hedger(4), Marco Campera(5), Hélène Birot(6), K.A.I Nekaris(7)

(1) Department of Biology, IPB University, Jl. Raya Dramaga, Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, 16680
(2) Department of Biology, IPB University, Jl. Raya Dramaga, Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, 16680; Primates Research Center, IPB University, Jl. Lodaya II/5, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, 16151
(3) Primates Research Center, IPB University, Jl. Lodaya II/5, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, 16151
(4) Little Fireface Project, Cisurupan, Garut, Indonesia, 44613
(5) Little Fireface Project, Cisurupan, Garut, Indonesia, 44613; Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
(6) Little Fireface Project, Cisurupan, Garut, Indonesia, 44613
(7) Little Fireface Project, Cisurupan, Garut, Indonesia, 44613; Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) is a nocturnal primate endemic to Java. Previous studies on slow loris activity are limited to general daily activity, and there is a lack of research on the potential sex differences in slow loris activity. This study aims to analyze differences in the daily activity of the Javan slow loris based on sex. From August to December 2018, the daily activity of six wild Javan slow lorises was recorded using behavioral observations with instantaneous point sampling at 5-minute intervals. Differences in male and female slow loris activity were analyzed using the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM). We set sex and weather as fixed factors and individuals as random effects. The results of this study showed that females spent more time feeding and less time resting than males. In addition, the Javan slow loris behavior was affected by temperature and humidity like other slow loris species.


Keywords


daily activity, Javan slow loris, nocturnal, radio telemetry

Full Text:

PDF


References

Altmann, J., 1974. Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods. Behaviour, 49(3/4), pp.227–267.

Anirudh, N.B. et al., 2020. Sexual Differences in Feeding and Foraging of Released Philippine Slow Loris ( Nycticebus menagensis ). In K. A. I. Nekaris & A. M. Burrows, eds. Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos. Cambridge University Press, pp. 219–227. doi: 10.1017/9781108676526.022.

Barrett, M. et al., 2021. Risky Business: The Function of Play in a Venomous Mammal—The Javan Slow Loris (Nycticebus javanicus). Toxins, 13(5), p.318. doi: 10.3390/toxins13050318.

Cabana, F. et al., 2017. The seasonal feeding ecology of the javan slow loris ( Nycticebus javanicus ): Cabana et al. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 162(4), pp.768–781. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23168.

Campera, M. et al., 2021. The Influence of Seasonal Availability of Young Leaves on Dietary Niche Separation in Two Ecologically Similar Folivorous Lemurs. Folia Primatologica, 92(3), pp.139–150. doi: 10.1159/000517297.

Duncan, S.D., 1982. Behavioral variability in captive slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang (Lorisidae, primates). University of the Pacific.

Fernandez-Duque, E., Valeggia, C.R. & Mendoza, S.P., 2009. The Biology of Paternal Care in Human and Nonhuman Primates. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38(1), pp.115–130. doi: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164334.

Ganzhorn, J.U. et al., 2004. Selection of food and ranging behaviour in a sexually monomorphic folivorous lemur: Lepilemur ruficaudatus. Journal of Zoology, 263(4), pp.393–399. doi: 10.1017/S0952836904005394.

Grassi, C., 2002. Sex Differences in Feeding, Height, and Space Use in Hapalemur griseus. International Journal of Primatology, p.17.

Key, C. & Ross, C., 1999. Sex differences in energy expenditure in non–human primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266(1437), pp.2479–2485. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1999.0949.

Koch, F. et al., 2017. Sex and seasonal differences in diet and nutrient intake in Verreaux’s sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi). American Journal of Primatology, 79(4), p.e22595. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22595.

Korstjens, A.H., Lehmann, J. & Dunbar, R.I.M., 2010. Resting time as an ecological constraint on primate biogeography. Animal Behaviour, 79(2), pp.361–374. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.012.

Lehtinen, J., 2013. Distribution of the Javan Slow Loris (Nycticebus javanicus): assessing the presence in East Java, Indonesia. Oxford Brookes University.

Lodberg-Holm, H.K. et al., 2021. Size is not everything: differing activity and foraging patterns between the sexes in a monomorphic mammal. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 75(4), p.76. doi: 10.1007/s00265-021-03010-7.

McFarland, R. et al., 2014. Behavioral flexibility of vervet monkeys in response to climatic and social variability: Behavioral Flexibility of Vervet Monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 154(3), pp.357–364. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22518.

Melfi, V.A. & Feistner, A.T.C., 2002. A comparison of the activity budgets of wild and captive sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra). Animal Welfare, 11, pp.213–222.

Nekaris, K.A.I. & Bearder, S., 2007. The Lorisiform Primates of Asia and Mainland Africa. In Primates in Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, p.50.

Nekaris, K.A.I. et al., 2008. Nycticebus javanicus É. Geoffroy, 1812 Indonesia (2008).

Nekaris, K.A.I. et al., 2014. Densities, distribution and detectability of a small nocturnal primate (Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus) in a montane rainforest. Endangered Species Research, 24(2), pp.95–103. doi: 10.3354/esr00585.

Nekaris, K.A.I. et al., 2015. Nycticebus javanicus: Nekaris, K.A.I. , Shekelle, M, Wirdateti, Rode-Margono, E.J. & Nijman, V.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39761A86050473. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39761A86050473.en.

Nekaris, K.A.I., Handby, V. & Campera, M., 2021. Impact of weather conditions, seasonality and moonlight on the use of artificial canopy bridges by nocturnal arboreal mammals. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30(12), pp.3633–3645. doi: 10.1007/s10531-021-02267-8.

O’Mara, M.T. & Hickey, C.M., 2014. The development of sex differences in ring-tailed lemur feeding ecology. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 68(8), pp.1273–1286. doi: 10.1007/s00265-014-1738-3.

Pambudi, J.A.A., 2008. Studi Populasi Perilaku dan Ekologi Kukang Jawa (Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy, 1812) di Hutan Bodogol Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Jawa Barat. University of Indonesia.

Poindexter, S.A. & Nekaris, K.A.I., 2017. Vertical clingers and gougers: Rapid acquisition of adult limb proportions facilitates feeding behaviours in young Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus). Mammalian Biology, 87, pp.40–49. doi: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.05.007.

Rasamimanana, H.R. & Rafidinarivo, E., 1993. Feeding behavior of Lemur caita females in relation to their physiological state. In Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis,. New York: Plenum Press, p. 11.

Reinhardt, K.D. et al., 2016. Climate-mediated activity of the Javan Slow Loris, Nycticebus javanicus. AIMS Environmental Science, 3(2), pp.249–260. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2016.2.249.

Repi, T. et al., 2019. Daily activity and diet of Talaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis Thomas, 1898) on Salibabu Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(9). doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d200928.

Rode-Margono, E.J. & Nekaris, K.A.I., 2014. Impact of climate and moonlight on a venomous mammal, the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus Geoffroy, 1812) V. Nijman, ed. Contributions to Zoology, 83(4), pp.217–225. doi: 10.1163/18759866-08304001.

Rode-Margono, E.J., Nijman, V. & Nekaris, K.A.I., 2014. Ethology of the critically endangered Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in West Java. Asian Primates Journal, p.15.

Romdhoni, H., 2017. Studi penggunaan habitat kukang jawa (Nycticebus javanicus Goeffroy, 1812) jantan dan betina di Desa Cipaganti Jawa Barat. Jakarta State University.

Romdhoni, H., 2021. Aktivitas dan jelajah harian kukang jawa (Nycticebus javanicus) di Desa Cipaganti, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat. IPB University.

Shamoun-Baranes, J. et al., 2006. A Comparative Analysis of the Influence of Weather on the Flight Altitudes of Birds. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87(1), pp.47–62. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-87-1-47.

Starr, C. & Nekaris, K.A.I., 2013. Obligate exudativory characterizes the diet of the pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus: Pygmy Loris Diet in Cambodia. American Journal of Primatology, 75(10), pp.1054–1061. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22171.

Strier, K.B., 2017. Primate behavioral ecology Fifth edition., London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Sussman, R.W., Garber, P.A. & Cheverud, J.M., 2005. Importance of cooperation and affiliation in the evolution of primate sociality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 128(1), pp.84–97. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20196.

Thompson, M.E. & Georgiev, A.V., 2014. The High Price of Success: Costs of Mating Effort in Male Primates. International Journal of Primatology, 35(3–4), pp.609–627. doi: 10.1007/s10764-014-9790-4.

Voskamp, A. et al., 2014. Modelling the habitat use and distribution of the threatened Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus. Endangered Species Research, 23(3), pp.277–286. doi: 10.3354/esr00574.

Wiens, F., Zitzmann, A. & Hussein, N.A., 2006. Fast food for slow lorises: is low metabolism related to secondary compounds in high-energy plant diet? Journal of Mammalogy, 87(4), pp.790–798. doi: 10.1644/06-MAMM-A-007R1.1.

Winarti, I., 2003. Distribusi dan struktur vegetasi habitat kukang (Nycticebus coucang Boddaert, 1785) di Desa Marga Mekar, Kecamatan Sumedang Selatan, Sumedang, Jawa Barat. Padjadjaran University.

Winarti, I., 2011. Habitat, populasi, dan sebaran kukang jawa (nycticebus javanicus geoffroy 1812) di Talun Tasikmalaya dan Ciamis, Jawa Barat. IPB University.

Wirdateti, W. et al., 2005. Feeding and habitat of slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) in Badui Tribe conservation forest, Rangkasbitung-south Banten. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 6(1). doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d060109.

Wirdateti, Rizal, S. & Yulianto, 2019. Survei keberadaan kukang jawa (Nycticebus javanicus) dan koleksi spesimen serta maternal DNA di Kawasan Gungung Wilis Kediri dan Perhutani Kondang Merak, Malang Selatan, Jawa Timur, Bidang Zoologi, Puslit Biologi LIPI.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.67142

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 14796 | views : 1297

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Editoral address:

Faculty of Biology, UGM

Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

ISSN: 2540-9581 (online)