* Corresponding Author
Penyakit Ginjal Kronis pada Anjing dan Kucing: Manajemen Terapi dan Diet
https://doi.org/10.22146/jsv.29284 Yanuartono Yanuartono(1*), Alfarisa Nururrozi(2), Soedarmanto Indarjulianto(3)
(1) Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(2) Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(3) Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a progressive impairment of renal function and irreversible. The kidneys fail to maintain metabolism and fluid and electrolyte balance, causing uremia. This disease is a common problem in old cats and dogs that not detected by the owners up to 75 % of kidney function is damaged. Clinical signs vary as polyuria, polidipsi, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, mouth ulceration, halitosis and acute blindness. Chronic renal failure is not curable so that the necessary medication management and proper diet in orderto improve the quality of life and prolong the life of the animal.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adams, L. G. (2004). Chronic renal failure. In: The
- Minute Veterinary Consult. 4th edn. Eds
L. P. Tilley and F. W. K. Smith. Lippincott
William & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA. :
-1125.
Adams, L.G. (2013). How I treat anorexia in cats
with chronic kidney disease. Proc World Small
Animal Veterinary Assoc Congress Proc.
Allen, T. A., Polzin, D. J. and Adams, L. G. (2000).
Renal disease. In: Small Animal Clinical
Nutrition. 4th edn. Eds M. S. Hand, C. D.
Thatcher, R. L. Remillard and P. Roudebush.
Mark Morris Institute, Topeka, KS, USA. :
-598.
Arora, P. (2014). Chronic Kidney Disease. MedScape.
Diakses dari http://emedicine.medscape.com/
article/238798-overview. Pada tanggal 18
Agustus 2016.
Arzi, B., Anderson, J.G. and Verstraete, F.J.M. (2008).
Oral manifestations of systemic disorders in
dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Clinical
Science 1 : 112–124.
Atlas, S.A. (2007). The renin-angiotensin aldosterone
system: Pathophysiological role and
pharmacologic inhibition. Journal of Managed
Care Pharmacy. 13: 9–20.
Bacic, A., Kogika, M.M., Barbaro, K.C., Iuamoto,
C.S., Simoes, D.M. and Santoro, M.L. (2010).
Evaluation of albuminuria and its relationship
with blood pressure in dogs with chronic
kidney disease. Veterinary Clinical Pathology
: 203– 209.
Barber, P.J. and Elliott, J. (1998) Feline chronic
renal failure: calcium homeostasis in 80 cases
diagnosed between 1992 and 1995. J Small
Anim Pract. 39 : 108-116.
Barber, P.J., Rawlings, J.M., Markwell, P.J. and Elliott,
J. (1999). Effect of dietary phosphate restriction
on renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in the
cat. J Small Anim Pract. 40:62-70.
Bargnoux, A., Cristol, J., Jaussent, I., Chalabi, L., Bories,
P., Dion, J.J., Henri, P., Delage, M., Dupuy, A.M.,
Badiou, S., Canaud, B. and Morena, M. (2013).
Vitamin E-coated polysulfone membrane
improved red blood cell antioxidant status in
hemodialysis patients. Nephrology 26 :556–563.
Bartges, J.W. (2012). Chronic Kidney Disease in
Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North
America: Small Animal Practice 2012;42:669-
Bartges JW. Chronic Kidney Disease in
Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North
America: Small Animal Practice. 42 :669-692.
Bartlett, P. C., Van Buren, J.W., . Bartlett, A. D.
and, Chu.Z (2010). Research Article Case-
Control Study of Risk Factors Associated with
Feline and Canine Chronic Kidney Disease.
Veterinary Medicine International Vol.2010,
Article ID 957570, 1 – 9.
Bellasi, A., Kooienga, L. and Block, G.A. (2006).
Phosphate binders: new products and
challenges. Hemodial Int. 10: 225–34.
Bernachon, N., Fournel, S., Gatto, H., Monginoux,
P. and McGahie, D. (2014). Effect of a
Product Containing the Dietary Phosphate
Binders Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate
Associated with Other Reno-protectant
Substances (Pronefra®) on Blood Parameters
and Mineral Balance in Adult Cats. Intern J
Appl Res Vet Med. Vol. 12 (1) : 8 – 17.
Bernsteen, L., Gregory, C.R., Aronson, L.R.,
Lirtzman, R.A. and Brummer, D.G. (1999).
Acute toxoplasmosis following renal
transplantation in three cats and a dog.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 215(8) :1123-1126.
Yanuartono et al.
Bloomberg, R.M., Pook, H. A., Jacobs, R. M. and Van
Gorder, J. M. (1992). Human recombinant
eritropoetin therapy in a cat with chronic renal
failure. Can Vet J Vol. 33 : 612 – 613.
Bodey, A.R. and Michell, A.R. (1996).
Epidemiological study of blood pressure in
domestic dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 37 :116–125.
Brody, T. (1999). Nutritional Biochemistry. 2nd edn.
Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. : 575.
Brown, S.A. (2015). Renal dysfunction in small animals.
The Merck Veterinary Manual website. www.
merckmanuals.com/vet/urinary_system/
noninfectious_diseases_of_the_urinary_
system_in_small_animals/renal_dysfunction_
in_small_animals. html.. Diakses Januari 14.
Brown, S.A. and Finco, D.R. (1995). Reassessment
of the use of calcitriol in chronic renal failure.
In: Bonagura JD, ed. Kirk’s Current Veterinary
Therapy XII. Philadelphia: WB Saunders :
–966.
Brown, S.A., Atkins, B.C., Carr, R., Cowgill, A.,
Davidson, L., Egner, M., Elliott, B., Henik
J., Labato, R., Littman, M., Polzin, M., Ross,
D., Snyder, L.P. and Stepien, R. (2007).
“Guidelines for the identification, evaluation,
and management of systemic hypertension in
dogs and cats,” J Vet Intern Med. 21 :542–558.
Brown, S.A., Finco, D.R., Bartges, J.W., Brown,
C.A. and Barsanti, J.A. (1998). Interventional
nutrition for renal disease. Clin Tech Small
Anim Pract. 13: 217-223.
Brown, S.A., Brown, C.A., Crowell, W.A., Barsanti,
J.A., Kang, C.W., Allen, T., Cowell, C.
and Finco, D.R. (2000) Effects of dietary
polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in
early renal insufficiency in dogs. J Lab Clin
Med.135 :275-286.
Brown, S.A., Finco, D.R., Brown, C.A., Crowell,
W.A., Alva, R., Ericsson, G.E. and Cooper, T.
(2003). Evaluation of the effects of inhibition
of angiotensin converting enzyme with
enalapril in dogs with induced chronic renal
insufficiency. Am J Vet Res. 64: 321–327.
Brown, S.A., Brown, C.A., Crowell, W.A., Basanti,
J.A. and Finco D.R. (1996). Does modifying
dietary lipids influence the progression of renal
failure? Vet Clin North Am. 26:1277–1285.
Burkholder, W.J. (2000). Dietary considerations for
dogs and cats with renal disease. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 216
: 1730-1734.
Car, B.D. (2001). Erythropoiesis and erythrokinetics.
In: Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC,
eds. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology New
York: McGraw-Hill,:271—288.
Center, S.A., Wilkinson, E., Smith, C.A., Erb, H. and
Lewis, R.M. (1985). 24-Hour urine protein/creatinine
ratio in dogs with protein-losing nephropathies.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 187:820–824.
Chakrabarti, S., Syme, H.M. and Elliott, J. (2012).
Clinicopathological variables predicting
progression of azotemia in cats with chronic
kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med. 26: 275–281.
Chalhoub, S., Langston, C.E. and Eatroff, A. (2011).
Anemia Of Renal Disease What it is, what to
do and what’s new. Journal of Feline Medicine
and Surgery 13 : 629–640.
Chalhoub, S., Langston, C.E. and Farrelly, J.
(2012). The use of darbepoetin to stimulate
erythropoiesis in anemia of chronic kidney
disease in cats: 25 cases. J Vet Intern Med.
(2) :363–369.
Chandler, M.L., Elwood. C., Murphy,
K.F., Gajanayake, I. and Syme, H.M. (2007).
Juvenile nephropathy in 37 boxer dogs. J
Small Anim Pract. 48(12):690-694.
Chen, W. and Abramowitz, M. K. (2014). Metabolic
acidosis and the progression of chronic kidney
disease. BMC Nephrology 15 : 55.
Chen, W. and Abramowitz, M. K (2014). Treatment
of Metabolic Acidosis in Patients With CKD
Am J Kidney Dis. Feb; 63(2): 311–317.
Chew, D.J. (2015). Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
in Dogs & Cats - Staging and Management
Strategies. A Presentation to the Virginia
Veterinary Medical Association. Virginia
Veterinary Conference. : 1 – 22
Penyakit Ginjal Kronis pada Anjing dan Kucing: Manajemen Terapi dan Diet
Chew, D.J. and Nagode, L.A. (1992). Kalsitriol in the
treatment of chronic renal failure. In: Kirk BW,
Bonagura JD, eds. Current Veterinary Therapy
XI, Small Animal Practice. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders. :857-860.
Cook, S. M. and Lothrop, C. D. (1994). Serum eritropoetin
concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay
in normal, polycythemic, and anemic dogs
and cats. J Vet Intern Med. 8 : 18–25.
Cortadellas, O., del Palacio, M.J., Bayón, A., Albert, A.
and Talavera, J. (2006). Systemic hypertension
in dogs with leishmaniasis: Prevalence and clinical
consequences. J Vet Int Med. 20: 941–947.
Cowgill, L. D. (1991). Eritropoetin: Its use in the
treatment of chronic renal failure in dogs and
cats. Proc Annu Waltham/OSU Symp Treat
Small Anim Dis;15:65–71.
Cowgill, L.D., James, K.M., Levy, J.K., Browne,
J.K., Miller, A., Lobingier, R.T. and Egrie, J.C.
(1998). Use of recombinant human eritropoetin
for management of anemia in dogs and cats
with renal failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 212:
-8.
Crisp, M.S., Chew, D. J., DiBartola, S. P. and Birchard, S. J.
(1989). “Peritoneal Dialysis inDogs and Cats: 27
Cases” (1976-1987). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 195:
-1266.
de Brito-Ashurst, I., Varagunam, M., Raftery, M.J.
and Yaqoob, M.M. (2009). Bicarbonate
supplementation slows progression of CKD
and improves nutritional status. J Am Soc
Nephrol. 20: 2075–2084.
de Morais, H.A., Bach, J.F. and diBartola, S.P. (2008).
Metabolic acidbase disorders in the critical
care unit. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.
: 559–574.
DiBartola, S.P. and de Morais, H.A. (2006). Disorders
of potassium: Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia,
in DiBartola SP (ed): Fluid, Electrolyte, and
Acid-Base Disorders. 3rd ed., Philadelphia,
Elsevier : 91-121.
Dibartola, S.P., and Willard, M.D. (2006). Disorders
of phosphorous: hypophosphatemia and
hyperphosphatemia. In: Dibartola SP, ed.
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders
in small animal practice. 3rd edn. Missouri:
Elsevier. : 195–209.
Dokuzeylul, B. And Kayar, M.E. A. (2016). Prevalence
of systemic disorders in cats with oral lesions.
Veterinarni Medicina, 61 (4) : 219–223.
Dow, S.W., Fettman, M.J., LeCouteur, R.A. and
Hamar, D.W. (1987). Potassium depletion in
cats: Renal and dietary influences. J Am Vet
Med Assoc;191:1569–1575.
Dzanis, D.A., Corbellini, C.N., Krook, L. and Kallfelz, F.A.
(1991). Effects of 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol
and 24,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol in dogs with
impaired renal function. J Nutr. 121(11 Suppl)
: S70– S72.
Elliott, J. (2008). Hyperphosphataemia And CKD
.http://www.vettimes.co.uk. : 1 – 19.
Elliott, J. and Barber, P.J. (1998). Feline chronic renal
failure: clinical findings in 80 cases diagnosed
between 1992 and 1995. J Small Anim Pract.
: 78–85.
Elliott, J., Rawlings, J.M., Markwell, P.J. and Barber,
P.J. (2000). Survival of cats with naturally
occurring chronic renal failure: effect of
dietary management. J Small Anim Pract
(6): 235-242.
Elliott, J., Syme, H.M., Reubens, E. and Markwell,
P.J. (2003). Assessment of acid-base status
of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal
failure. J Small Anim Pract. 44: 65–70.
Erslev, A.J. and Besarab, A. (1997). Eritropoetin in the
pathogenesis and treatment of the anemia of
chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 51 : 622-630.
Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E.C. (2005). Textbook of
Veterinary Internal Medicine Volume II, VI ed.
St.Louis: Elsvier Saunders. 622-630.
Ettinger, S.J., Benitz, A.M., Ericsson, G.F., Cifelli,
S., Jernigan, A.D., Longhofer, S.L., Trimboli, W.
and Hanson, P.D. (1998). Effects of enalapril
maleate on survival of dogs with naturally acquired
heart failure. The Long-Term Investigation of
Veterinary Enalapril (LIVE) Study Group. J Am
Vet Med Assoc. 213 : 1573–1577.
Yanuartono et al.
Finch, N.C., Syme, H.M. and Elliott J. (2016). Risk
Factors for Development of Chronic Kidney
Disease in Cats. J Vet Intern Med ;30:602–610.
Forrester, D.S., Adams, L.G. and Allen, T.A. (2010).
Chronic kidney disease. In: Hand MS, Thatcher
CD, Remillard RL, et al, eds. Small animal
clinical nutrition, 5th ed. Topeka, Kan: Mark
Morris Institute. : 765–800.
Geddes, R.F., Elliott, J. and Syme, H.M. (2015).
Relationship between plasma fibroblast growth
factor-23 concentration and survival time in
cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern
Med. 29: 1494–1501.
Grauer, G.F. (2005). Early detection of renal damage
and disease in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North
Am Small Anim Pract 35 :581–596.
Grodecki, K.M., Gains, M.J., Baumal, R., Osmond,
D.H., Cotter, B., Valli, V.E. and Jacobs, R.M.
(1997). Treatment of X-linked hereditary
nephritis in Samoyed dogs with angiotensin
converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. J Comp
Pathol. 117 :209–225.
Hall, J.A., Yerramilli, M., Obare, E., Yu, S. and Jewell,
D.E. (2014). Comparison of serum concentrations
of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine as
kidney function biomarkers in healthy geriatric
cats fed reduced protein foods enriched with fish
oil, L-carnitine, and medium-chain triglycerides.
Vet J. 202(3):588–596.
Hostutler, R.A., DiBartola, S.P., Chew, D.J., Nagode,
L.A., Schenck, P.A., Rajala-Schultz, P.J.
and Drost, W.T. (2006). Comparison of the
effects of daily and intermittent-dose kalsitriol
on serum parathyroid hormone and ionized
calcium concentrations in normal cats and cats
with chronic renal failure. J Vet Intern Med.
(6) :1307-1313.
Houston, D. M. (2016). Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
in Dogs & Cats: An update 2016. centredmv.com/
wp.../2016/.../Notes-conférences-Dre-Houston. : 10
Jacob, F., Polzin, D.J., Osborne, C.A., Neaton, J.D.,
Kirk, C.A. and Allen, T.A., (2005). Evaluation
of the association between initial proteinuria
and morbidity rate or death in dogs with
naturally occurring chronic renal failure. J Am
Vet Med Assoc. 226 : 393–400.
Jepson, R. E., Elliott, J. Brodbelt, D. and Syme, H.
M. (2007). “Effect of control of systolic blood
pressure on survival in cats with systemic
hypertension,” Journal of Veterinary Internal
Medicine, vol. 21, no. 3 : 402–409.
Jepson, R.E., Vallance, C., Syme, H.M. and Elliott, J.
(2010). Assessment of urinary N-acetyl-beta-
D-glucosaminidase activity in geriatric cats
with variable plasma creatinine concentrations
with and without azotemia. American Journal
of Veterinary Research 71 : 241–247.
Jones, B.R., Gething, M.A., Badcoe, L.M., Pauli, J.V.
and Davies, E. (1989). Familial progressive
nephropathy in young Bull Terriers. N Z Vet J.
(2):79-82.
Kaplan, M.A., Canterbury, J.W., Gavellas, G., Jaffe,
D., Bourgoinnie, J.J., Reiss, E. and Bricker
N.S. (1978). The calcemie and phosphaturic
effects of parathyroid hormone in normal and
uremic dog. Metabolism, 27 : 1785–1792.
Keane, W.F. (2000). Proteinuria: Its clinical importance
and role in progressive renal disease. Am J
Kidney Dis. 35(Suppl 1) :S97–S105.
Kidder, A. and Chew, D. (2009). “Treatment options
for hyperphosphatemia in feline CKD: what’s
out there?” J Feline Med Surg., vol. 11, no. 11:
-924.
Kimmel, P.L. and Rosenberg, M.E. (2014). Chronic Renal
Disease, Academic Press, San Diego CA : 310–319.
King, J. N., Gunn-Moore, D. A., Tasker, S., Gleadhill,
A. and Strehlau. G. (2006). Tolerability and
efficacy of benazepril in cats with chronic
kidney disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal
Medicine 20(5) : 1054–1064.
Kralova, S., Leva, L. and Toman, M. (2009). Polymorphonuclear
function in naturally occurring
renal failure in dogs. Veterinarni Medicina 54
(5) : 236–243.
Laflamme, D.P. and Hannah, S.S. (2013). Discrepancy
between use of lean body mass or nitrogen
balance to determine protein requirements for
adult cats. J Feline Med Surg. 15: 691–697.
Penyakit Ginjal Kronis pada Anjing dan Kucing: Manajemen Terapi dan Diet
Langston, C.E. (2009) Fluid treatment for renal
failure (Proceedings) www. veterinarycalendar.
dvm360.com/fluid-treatment-renal-failure-. : 1
– 4. Diakses tanggal 9 Juni 2016.
Lawson, J., Elliott, J., Wheeler-Jones, C., Syme, H,
and Jepson, R. (2015). Review Renal fibrosis
in feline chronic kidney disease: Known
mediators and mechanisms of injury. The
Veterinary Journal 203 :18–26.
Lees, G.E., Helman, R.G., Homco, L.D., Millichamp,
N.J., Hunter, J.F. and Frey M.S. (1998). Early
diagnosis of familial nephropathy in English
cocker spaniels. Journal of the American
Animal Hospital Association: Vol. 34, No. 3,
pp. 189-195.
Lees, G.E., Brown, S.A., Elliott, J., Grauer, G.E. and
Vaden, S.L. (2005). Assessment and management
of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM
Forum Consensus Statement (small animal). J
Vet Intern Med. 19 (3) :377-385.
Lenox, C. E. and Bauer, J.E. (2013). Potential Adverse
Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Dogs and
Cats. Review. J Vet Intern Med 27 :217–226.
Littman, M.P. (1994). Spontaneous Systemic Hypertension
in 24 Cats. J Vet Intern Med. 8:79-86.
López-Sendón, J., Swedberg, K., McMurray, J., Tamargo,
J., Maggioni, A.P., Dargie, H., Tendera,
M., Waagstein, F., Kjekshus, J., Lechat, P. and Torp-
Pedersen, C. (2004). Expert consensus document
on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
in cardiovascular disease. The Task Force on
ACE-inhibitors of the European Society of
Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 25 :1454–1470.
MacLeod, J.N., Tetreault, J.W., Lorschy, K.S. and
Gu, D.N. (1998). Expression and bioactivity
of recombinant canine eritropoetin. Am J Vet
Res 59: 1144–1148.
Maddison, J. and Syme, H. (2010). Chronic kidney
disease in dogs and cats II: Principles of
management continue education Irish
Veterinary Journal Vol. 63 No. 2 : 106 – 109.
Maiese, K., Chong, Z.Z. and Shang, Y.C. (2008).
Raves and risks for eritropoetin. Cytokine
Growth Factor Rev. 19 :145-155.
Markovich, J. E., Freeman, L. M., Labato, M. A.
and Cailin, R. (2015). Survey of dietary and
medication practices of owners of cats with
chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg; 17:
–983.
Marx, S.J. (2000). Hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid
disorders. N Engl J Med 343(25) :1863-1875.
McLeland, S.M., Lunn, K.F., Duncan, C.G., Refsal,
K.R. and Quimby, J.M. (2014). Relationship
among serum creatinine, serum gastrin,
calcium-phosphorus product, and uremic
gastropathy in cats with chronic kidney
disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 28: 827-837.
Mitani, S., Yabuki, A., Taniguchi, K. And Yamato,
O. (2013). Association between the intrarenal
renin-angiotensin system and renal injury in
chronic kidney disease of dogs and cats. J Vet
Med Sci. 75 :127–133.
Mizutani, H., Koyama, H., Watanabe, T., Kitagawa,
H., Nakano, M., Kajiwara, K. and. King, J. N.
(2006). Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of
Benazepril in the Treatment of Chronic Renal
Insufficiency in Cats. J Vet Intern Med 20
:1074–1079.
Monroe, W.E., Davenport, D.J. and Saunders G.K.
(1989). Twenty-four hour urinary protein
loss in healthy cats and the urinary proteincreatinine
ratio as an estimate. Am J Vet Res.50
:1906–1909.
Morar, D., Falcă, C., Moł, T., Cristina, P., Ciulan, V.
and Simiz, F. (2010). Blood Pressure In Cats
With Chronic Renal Failure. Lucrări Stiinłifice
Medicină Veterinară Vol. Xliii (1) Timisoara.
: 319 – 324.
Morar, D., Falcă, C., Moł, T., Cristina, P., Galbenu, P
L. and Ciulan, V. (2009). Effect Of Amlodipine
On Blood Pressure In Cats With Chronic Renal
Failure. Lucrări Stiinłifice Medicină Veterinară
Vol. XLII (2), Timisoara. : 231 – 235
Morgan, R.V. (1986) Systemic hypertension in four
cats: ocular and medical findings. J Am Anim
Hosp Assoc.22 :615-621.
Nabity, M. B. Boggess, M. M., Kashtan, C. E. and.
Lees, G. E. (2007). Day-to-Day Variation of
Yanuartono et al.
the Urine Protein : Creatinine Ratio in Female
Dogs with Stable Glomerular Proteinuria
Caused by X-Linked Hereditary Nephropathy.
J Vet Intern Med. 21 :425–430.
National Research Council. Nutrient requirements
of dogs and cats. Washington, DC: National
Academies Press, 2006. DOI: 10.17226/10668.
Neel, J.A. and Grindem, C.B. (2000). Understanding
and evaluating renal function. Vet Med. :555-
Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009). Small animal
internal medicine, 4th ed. ed. Edinburgh:
Mosby. : 653 – 660.
Nelson, R.W. and Feldman, E.C. (2004). Hypercalcemia
and primary hyperparathyroidism. In:
Feldman EC, Nelson RW, eds. Canine and
Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd
ed. St. Louis: WB Saunders; :659-715.
O’Neill, D. G., Elliott, J., Church, D.B., McGreevy,
P.D., Thomson, P.C. and Brodbelt, D.C.
(2013). Chronic kidney disease in dogs in UK
veterinary practices: prevalence, risk factors,
and survival. J Vet Intern Med.;27(4):814–821.
Plumb, D.C. (2011). Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th
ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, USA. 1567.
Polzin, D. J. and Osborne, C. A. (1995). Pathophysiology
of renal failure and uremia. In Canine and Feline
Nephrology and Urology. Eds C. A. Osborne,
D. R. Finco. Philadelphia,Williams & Wilkins.
: 335-367.
Polzin, D., Ross, S. and Osborne, C. (2005). Clinical
benefit of kalsitriol in canine chronic kidney
disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal
Medicine 19: 433 – 437.
Polzin, D.J. (2011) Chronic Kidney Disease in Small
Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America:
Small Animal Practice 41:15-30.
Polzin, D.J., Osborne, C.A. and Ross S. (2010).
Chronic Kidney Disease. In: Ettinger SJ,
Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of Veterinary
Internal Medicine, 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier
Saunders. : 1900-2021.
Polzin, D.J., Osborne, C.A. and Ross, S. (2005).
Chronic kidney disease, in SJ Ettinger,
Feldman EC (eds): Textbook of Veterinary
Internal Medicine, ed 6. Philadelphia, WB
Saunders. : 1756–1785.
Polzin, D.J., Osborne, C.A. and Ross, S. (2005).
Chronic Kidney Disease. In: Ettinger SJ,
Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of veterinary
internal medicine : diseases of the dog and
cat, 6th ed. / Stephen J. Ettinger, Edward
C. Feldman. ed. St. Louis, Miss. ; Oxford:
Elsevier Saunder :1756-1785.
Polzin, D.J., Osborne, C.A., Hayden, D.W. and
Stevens, J.B. (1984). Influence of modified
protein diets on morbidity, mortality, and renal
function in dogs with induced chronic renal
failure. Am J Vet Res. 45 :506- 517.
Polzin, D.J., Ross, S. and Osborne, C.A. (2009).
Kalsitriol. In: Bonagura J.D. & Twedt D.C.
(Eds), Kirk´s Current Veterinary Therapy. XIV.
Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, Missouri. : 892-895.
Powell, L.L. (2014). Top 5 Indications For Fluid
Therapy. www.veterinaryteambrief.com. : 10
– 12. Diakses tanggal 9 Juni 2016
Price, S. A. and Wilson, L. M. (2005). Patofisiologi:
konsep klinis proses-proses penyakit (6 ed.).
Jakarta: EGC.
Quimby, J. and Lappin, M. (2016). Evaluating
Sucralfate as a Phosphate Binder in Normal
Cats and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 52(1) :8-12.
Randolph, J. E., Scarlett, J., Stokol, T. and Macleod,
J. N. (2004). Clinical efficacy and safety of
recombinant canine eritropoetin in dogs with
anemia of chronic renal failure and dogs with
recombinant human eritropoetin-induced red
cell aplasia. J Vet Intern Med 18 : 81-91.
Randolph, J.E., Scarlett, J.M., Stokol, T., Saunders,
K.M. MacLeod, J.N. (2004). Expression,
bioactivity, and clinical assessment of
recombinant feline eritropoetin. Am J Vet Res
: 1355–1366.
Reynolds, B.S.and Lefebvre, H.P. (2013). Feline
CKD: Pathophysiology and risk factors – What
Penyakit Ginjal Kronis pada Anjing dan Kucing: Manajemen Terapi dan Diet
do we know? Journal of Feline Medicine and
Surgery 15 (Suppl. 1), 3–14.
Ross, S. (2008). Diagnosis and Management of
Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats
Proceedings, The 15th Congress of FAVA
FAVA -OIE Joint Symposium on Emerging
Diseases Bangkok, Thailand : S89 – S93.
Roudebush, P., Polzin, D. J., Adams, L. G., Towell, T.
L. and Forrester, S. D. (2010). REVIEW. An
evidence based review of therapies for canine
chronic kidney disease. Journal of Small
Animal Practice 51 : 244–252.
Roudebush, P., Polzin, D. J., Ross, S. J., Towell, T.
L., Adams, L. G. and Forrester, S. D. (2009).
Therapies for feline chronic kidney disease.
What is the evidence? Journal of Feline
Medicine & Surgery 11 : 195-210.
Ruggenenti, P., Cravedi, P. and Remuzzi, G. (2012).
Mechanisms and treatment of CKD. J Am Soc
Nephrol. 23: 1917–1928.
Savica, V., Calò, L. A., Monardo, P., Davis, P.
A., Granata, A., Santoro, D., Savica, R.,
Musolino, R., Comelli, M. C. and Bellinghieri,
G. (2009). “Salivary phosphate- ` binding
chewing gum reduces hyperphosphatemia in
dialysis patients,” Journal of the American
Society of Nephrology, vol. 20, no. 3: 639–644.
Schlondorff, D.O. (2008). Overview of factors
contributing to the pathophysiology of
progressive renal disease. Kidney Int. 74: 860-
Schoolwerth, A.C., Kaneko, T.M., Sedlacek, M.,
Block, C.A. and Remillard, B.D. (2006). Acidbase
disturbances in the intensive care unit:
metabolic acidosis. Semin Dial. 19 :492-495.
Sharon, K., Theisen, S.K., DiBartola, S.P., Radin, J.M.,
Chew, D.J., Tony Buffington, C.A. and Dow,
S.W. (1997). Muscle Potassium Content and
Potassium Gluconate Supplementation in
Normokalemic Cats With Naturally Occurring
Chronic Renal Failure. J Vet Intern Med 11 :
-217.
Silver, J., Russell, J. and Sherwood, L.M. (1985).
Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of
messenger ribonucleic acid for preproparathyroid
hormone in isolated bovine parathyroid cells.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 : 4270–4273.
Smets, P.M., Meyer, E., Maddens, B.E., Duchateau,
L.and Daminet, S. (2010). Urinary markers in
healthy young and aged dogs and dogs with
chronic kidney disease. Journal of Veterinary
Internal Medicine 24 : 65–72.
Sparkes, A. H., Caney, S., Chalhoub, S., Elliott,
J., Finch, N., Gajanayake, I., Langston,
C., Lefebvre, H.P., White, J. and Quimby, J.
(2016). ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the
Diagnosis and Management of Feline Chronic
Kidney Disease. Journal of Feline Medicine
and Surgery 18 : 219–239.
Surrena, H. (ed). 2010. Handbook for Brunner &
Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical- Surgical 12th
edition. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 530 Walnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19106. 590.
Sweitzer, N.K. (2003). What Is an Angiotensin
Converting Enzyme Inhibitor? Circulation.
:e16-e18.
Syme, H.M., Markwell, P.J., Pfeiffer, D. and
Elliott, J. (2006). Survival of cats with
naturally occurring chronic renal failure is
related to severity of proteinuria. J Vet Intern
Med. 20 :528–535.
Takahashi, F., Furuichi, T., Yorozu, K., Kawata,
S., Kitamura, H., Kubodera, N. and
Slatopolsky, E. (2002). Effects of i.v. and
oral 1,25-dihydroxy-22-oxavitamin D3 on
secondary hyperparathyroidism in dogs with
chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant
[Suppl 10] : 46–52.
Thibodeau, GA. (1999). Anatomy and Physiology.
St. Louis, MO. Mosby. : 822-846.
Tomasello, S. (2008). Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
and Chronic Kidney Disease. Diabetes
Spectrum 21(1): 19-25.
Vaden, S.L. (2005). Glomerular disease. In:
Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors. Textbook of
Veterinary Internal Medicine. 6th ed. St Louis,
Missouri: Saunders (Elsevier) : 1786 -1800.
Yanuartono et al.
Walker, D., Syme, H.M., Markwell, P. and Elliott, J.
(2004). Predictors of survival in healthy, nonazotaemic
cats. J Vet Intern Med. 18 : 417.
Watanabe, T. And Mishina, M. (2007). Effects
of Benazepril Hydrochloride in Cats with
Experimentally Induced or Spontaneously
Occurring Chronic Renal Failure J. Vet. Med.
Sci. 69 (10) : 1015–1023.
Wellman, M.L., DiBartola, S.P. and Kohn, C.W.
(2012). Applied physiology of body fluids in
dogs and cats. In: DiBartola SP, ed. Fluid,
electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in small
animal practice. 4th ed. St. Louis (MO):
Elsevier Saunders :15.
Wolf, A.M. (2015). Chronic Progressive Renal
Disease in the Cat: Recognition and
Management www.colovma.org/resource.
Yabuki, A., Mizukami, K., Sawa, M., Mitani, S. and
Yamato, O. (2011). Early Stage of Chronic
Kidney Disease with Renal Injury Caused
by Hypertension in a Dog. Case Reports in
Veterinary Medicine Vol. 1, Article ID 149648,
: 1 – 4.
Yu, S. and Robinson, P.I. (2006). Dietary supplements
of vitamins E and C and beta-carotene reduce
oxidative stress in cats with renal insufficiency.
Vet Res Commun. 30 : 403–413.
Yu, S., Gross, K. L. and Allen, T. A. (2006). A renal
food supplemented with vitamins E, C and
beta-carotene reduces oxidative stress and
improves kidney function in client-owned
dogs with stages 2 or 3 kidney disease. Journal
of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20 : 1537.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jsv.29284
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 11489
| 
views : 111590
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Jurnal Sain Veteriner
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Sain Veteriner Indexed by
Copyright of JSV (Jurnal Sain Veteriner) ISSN 0126-0421 (print), ISSN 2407-3733 (online).
Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Jl. Fauna No.2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta
Phone: 0274-560862
Fax: 0274-560861
Email: jsv_fkh@ugm.ac.id
HP. 0895363078367
Jurnal Sain Veteriner is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.