Optimization of sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous alkali catalyst

https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.74373

M Andrifar(1*), Fadjar Goembira(2), Maria Ulfah(3), Rika Putri(4), Rati Yuliarningsih(5), Rizki Aziz(6)

(1) Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Andalas Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat
(2) Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Andalas Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat
(3) Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty Industrial Technology, Universitas Bung Hatta Jl. Gajah Mada No. 19, Padang 25143, Sumatera Barat
(4) Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Andalas Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat
(5) Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Andalas Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat
(6) Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Andalas Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The increasing world population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth have led to a continuous increase in the consumption of fossil fuels to meet the ever-increasing demand for energy. Continuous emissions from burning fossil fuels will create a need to find appropriate and sustainable substitutes for fossil fuels. Biodiesel is the right alternative solution for diesel engines because it is renewable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. Waste cooking oil (WCO) from the food, non-food, restaurant, and household sectors is produced on a large scale in every country and can contribute to environmental pollution if proper disposal systems are not applied. Instead of throwing it landfills Environmental pollution can be minimized by recycling WCO. This study evaluates the potential of using WCO to produce biodiesel using zeolite synthesized from fly ash as a heterogeneous alkali catalyst through a transesterification reaction. The reactor in this study used a 1,000 ml three-necked boiling flask equipped with a condenser, cooling tank, and pump. Stirring and heating during the process of biodiesel production using a magnetic stirrer and a hot plate. The thermometer is used to measure the reaction temperature. Optimization of biodiesel production from zeolite catalyst synthesized from fly ash based on variations in the ratio of methanol: oil (8:1; 10:1; 12:1; and 14:1), catalyst weight (1, 2, 3, and 4% weight), and temperature (45 oC, 55 oC, and 65oC). Zeolite from fly ash produces biodiesel with a yield of 91.67% with optimum operating conditions reaction time of 60 minutes, methanol oil ratio of 8:1, operating temperature 55oC, and the amount of catalyst 1% by weight. This experiment confirms the possibility of utilizing fly ash waste for the application of catalysts in biodiesel production.


Keywords


alkali; biodiesel; heterogeneous catalyst; transesterification; waste cooking oil

Full Text:

PDF


References

Ali LH, Fadhil AB. 2013. Biodiesel production from spent frying oil of fish via alkali-catalyzed transesterification. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 35(6):564–573. doi:10.1080/15567036.201 0.513218.

Chen G, Shan R, Shi J, Liu C, Yan B. 2015. Biodiesel production from palm oil using active and stable K doped hydroxyapatite catalysts. Energy Conversion and Management. 98:463–469. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconm an.2015.04.012.

Chin LH, Hameed BH, Ahmad AL. 2009. Process optimization for biodiesel production from waste cooking palm oil (elaeis guineensis) using response surface methodology. Energy & Fuels. 23(2):1040–1044. doi:10.1021/ef8007 954.

Chuah LF, Klemeš JJ, Yusup S, Bokhari A, Akbar MM. 2017. A review of cleaner intensification technologies in biodiesel production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 146:181–193. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.017.

Daramola MO, Nkazi D, Mtshali K. 2015. Synthesis and evaluation of catalytic activity of calcined sodium silicate for transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research. 5(2):517–523. doi:https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijrer/ issue/16071/167969.

Dhawane SH, Kumar T, Halder G. 2016. Biodiesel synthesis from Hevea brasiliensis oil employing carbon supported heterogeneous catalyst: Optimization by Taguchi method. Renewable Energy. 89:506–514. doi:10.1016/j.re nene.2015.12.027.

Erchamo YS, Mamo TT, Workneh GA, Mekonnen YS. 2021. Improved biodiesel production from waste cooking oil with mixed methanol–ethanol using enhanced eggshellderived CaO nano-catalyst. Scientific Reports. 11(1):6708. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86062-z.

Fadhil AB, Al-Tikrity ETB, Albadree MA. 2017. Biodiesel production from mixed non-edible oils, castor seed oil and waste fish oil. Fuel. 210:721–728. doi:https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.fuel.2017.09.009.

Fadhil AB, Aziz AM, Altamer MH. 2016. Potassium acetate supported on activated carbon for transesterification of new non-edible oil, bitter almond oil. Fuel. 170:130–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.12.027.

Goembira F, Ihsan T. 2018. The potential of waste cooking oil and oily food waste as alternative biodiesel feedstock in padang municipality. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 209:12027. doi:10.1088/1755-131 5/209/1/012027.

Gohain M, Laskar K, Paul AK, Daimary N, Maharana M, Goswami IK, Hazarika A, Bora U, Deka D. 2020. Carica papaya stem: A source of versatile heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production and C–Cbond formation. Renewable Energy. 147:541–555. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019. 09.016.

Gurunathan B, Ravi A. 2015. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using copper doped zinc oxide nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst. Bioresource technology. 188:124–127. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.012.

Hashemzadeh Gargari M, Sadrameli S. 2018. Investigating continuous biodiesel production from linseed oil in the presence of a Co-solvent and a heterogeneous based catalyst in a packed bed reactor. Energy. 148:888–895. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.105.

Hsiao MC, Kuo JY, Hsieh SA, Hsieh PH, Hou SS. 2020. Optimized conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel using modified calcium oxide as catalyst via a microwave heating system. Fuel. 266:117114. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.1171 14.

Jitjamnong J, Thunyaratchatanon C, Luengnaruemitchai A, Kongrit N, Kasetsomboon N, Sopajarn A, Chuaykarn N, Khantikulanon N. 2021. Response surface optimization of biodiesel synthesis over a novel biochar-based heterogeneous catalyst from cultivated (Musa sapientum) banana peels. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 11(6):2795–2811. doi:10.1007/s13399-020-00655-8.

Joshi S, Gogate PR, Moreira PF, Giudici R. 2017. Intensification of biodiesel production from soybean oil and waste cooking oil in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst using high speed homogenizer. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 39:645–653. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.05.029.

Kashyap SS, Gogate PR, Joshi SM. 2019. Ultrasound assisted intensified production of biodiesel from sustainable source as karanja oil using interesterification based on heterogeneous catalyst (γ-alumina). Chemical Engineering and Processing Process Intensification. 136:11– 16. doi:10.1016/j.cep.2018.12.006.

Katabathini N, Lee A, Wilson K. 2007. Catalysts in production of biodiesel: A review. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy. 1:19–30. doi:10.1166/jbmb.2007.1976.

Kharina A, Searle S, Rachmadini D, Kurniawan AA. 2018. The potential economic, health and greenhouse gas benefits of incorporating used cooking oil into indonesia’s biodiesel. Technical report. Washington.

Kouzu M, Kasuno T, Tajika M, Sugimoto Y, Yamanaka S, Hidaka J. 2008. Calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil and its application to biodiesel production. Fuel. 87(12):2798–2806. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.10.019.

Mahesh SE, Ramanathan A, Begum KMMS, Narayanan A. 2015. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using KBr impregnated CaO as catalyst. Energy Conversion and Management. 91:442–450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enconman.2014.12.031.

Malani RS, Shinde V, Ayachit S, Goyal A, Moholkar VS. 2019. Ultrasound–assisted biodiesel production using heterogeneous base catalyst and mixed non–edible oils. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 52:232–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.11.021.

Mazaheri H, Ong HC, Masjuki H, Amini Z, Harrison MD, Wang CT, Kusumo F, Alwi A. 2018. Rice bran oil based biodiesel production using calcium oxide catalyst derived from Chicoreus brunneus shell. Energy. 144:10–19. doi:10.101 6/j.energy.2017.11.073.

Milano J, Ong HC, Masjuki HH, Silitonga AS, Chen WH, Kusumo F, Dharma S, Sebayang AH. 2018. Optimization of biodiesel production by microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification for waste cooking oil-Calophyllum inophyllum oil via response surface methodology. Energy Conversion and Management. 158:400–415.d o i : https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.12.027.

Nata IF, Putra MD, Irawan C, Lee CK. 2017. Catalytic performance of sulfonated carbon-based solid acid catalyst on esterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 5(3):2171–2175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.04.029.

Naylor RL, Higgins MM. 2017. The political economy of biodiesel in an era of low oil prices. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 77:695–705. doi:https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.026.

Noureddini H, Zhu D. 1997. Kinetics of transesterification of soybean oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 74(11):1457–1463. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-997-0254-2.

Parida S, Sahu DK, Misra PK. 2016. A rapid ultrasoundassisted production of biodiesel from a mixture of Karanj and soybean oil. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 38(8):1110–1116. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2013.812695.

Putra MD, Irawan C, Udiantoro, Ristianingsih Y, Nata IF. 2018. A cleaner process for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using waste materials as a heterogeneous catalyst and its kinetic study. Journal of Cleaner Production. 195:1249–1258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.010.

Rabie AM, Shaban M, Abukhadra MR, Hosny R, Ahmed SA, Negm NA. 2019. Diatomite supported by CaO/MgO nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 279:224–231. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.096.

Sahu O. 2021. Characterisation and utilization of heterogeneous catalyst from waste rice-straw for biodiesel conversion. Fuel. 287:119543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fuel.2020.119543.

Singh D, Sharma D, Soni SL, Sharma S, Kumar Sharma P, Jhalani A. 2020. A review on feedstocks, production processes, and yield for different generations of biodiesel. Fuel. 262:116553. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116553.

Sirisomboonchai S, Abuduwayiti M, Guan G, Samart C, Abliz S, Hao X, Kusakabe K, Abudula A. 2015. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using calcined scallop shell as catalyst. Energy Conversion and Management. 95:242–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.044.

Tan YH, Abdullah MO, Nolasco-Hipolito C, Taufiq-Yap YH. 2015. Waste ostrichand chicken-eggshells as heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from used cooking oil: Catalyst characterization and biodiesel yield performance. Applied Energy. 160:58–70. doi:10.1016/j. apenergy.2015.09.023.

Torres-Rodríguez DA, Romero-Ibarra IC, Ibarra IA, Pfeiffer H. 2016. Biodiesel production from soybean and Jatropha oils using cesium impregnated sodium zirconate as a heterogeneous base catalyst. Renewable Energy. 93:323– 331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.061.

Ulfah M, Firdaus, Octavia S, Suherman H, Subagjo. 2019. Biodiesel production through waste cooking oil (WCO) esterification using sulfated alumina as catalyst. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 543(1):12007. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/543/1/012007.

Ullah Z, Bustam MA, Man Z. 2015. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by acidic ionic liquid as a catalyst. Renewable Energy. 77:521–526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. renene.2014.12.040.

Wang S, Zhao C, Shan R, Wang Y, Yuan H. 2017. A novel peat biochar supported catalyst for the transesterification reaction. Energy Conversion and Management. 139:89–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.039.

Yang XX, Wang YT, Yang YT, Feng EZ, Luo J, Zhang F, Yang WJ, Bao GR. 2018. Catalytic transesterification to biodiesel at room temperature over several solid bases. Energy Conversion and Management. 164:112–121. doi:https://doi.or g/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.02.085.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.74373

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 801 | views : 520

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2022 The authors

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Rekayasa Proses  (print ISSN 1978-287X; online ISSN 2549-1490) is published by Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada. View website statistics.